A tapered fiber is prepared with a simple chemical etching method, and modified with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) by solution chemical deposition method to prepare the tapered fiber surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe. The preparation process is optimized by the change of key parameters, such as reaction temperature, deposition time and the concentration of silver nitrate solution. The Raman measurement experiments of the fiber SERS probes under different preparation process conditions are completed. The results indicate that the best Raman measurement performance of the tapered fiber SERS probe can be acquired at room temperature, when the deposition time is 120 s, the concentration of silver nitrate solution is 0.1 mol/L, and the optimal enhancement factor is about 10 10. In addition, corresponding to ten samples with different sizes of AgNPs and the coverage areas, we adopt FDTD Solutions to calculate the enhancement factor and obtain theoretical Raman enhancement factor of 10 7-10 8.