Dispersion Effects of High-Order-Mode Fiber on Temperature and Axial Strain Discrimination

Yanping XU; Ping LU; Jia SONG; Ping LU; Liang CHEN; Xiaoyi BAO; and Xiaopeng DONG

doi:10.1007/s13320-015-0249-9

[1] H. F. Lima, P. F. Antunes, J. D. L. Pinto, and R. N. Nogueira, “Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature with a single fiber Bragg grating written in a tapered optical fiber,” IEEE Sensors Journal, 2010, 10(2): 269-273.

[2] P. Lu and Q. Chen, “Asymmetrical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature,” IEEE Photonics Journal, 2010, 2(6): 942-953.

[3] Y. N. Tan, Y. Zhang, L. Jin, and B. O. Guan, “Simultaneous strain and temperature fiber grating laser sensor based on radio-frequency measurement,” Optics Express, 2011, 19(21): 20650-20656.

[4] L. M. Hu, C. C. Chan, X. Y. Dong, Y. P. Wang, P. Zu, W. C. Wong, et al., “Photonic crystal fiber strain sensor based on modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012, 4(1): 114-118.

[5] H. R. Alemohammad, E. Foroozmehr, B. S. Cotten, and E. Toyserkani, “A dual-parameter optical fiber sensor for concurrent strain and temperature measurement: design, fabrication, packaging, and calibration,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2013, 31(8): 1198-1204.

[6] O. Frazao, J. P. Carvalho, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araujo, and J. L. Santos, “Discrimination of strain and temperature using Bragg gratings in microstructured and standard optical fibres,” Measurement Science and Technology, 2005, 16(10): 2109-2113.

[7] O. Frazao, L. M. Marques, S. Santos, J. M. Baptista, and J. L. Santos, “Simultaneous measurement for strain and temperature based on a long-period grating combined with a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror,” IEEE Photonic Technology Letter, 2006, 18(22): 2407-2409.

[8] O. Frazao and J. L. Santos, “Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a Bragg grating structure written in germanosilicate fibres,” Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 2004, 6(6): 553-556.

[9] O. Frazao, R. Romero, F. M. Araujo, L. A. Ferreira, and J. L. Santos, “Strain-temperature discrimination using a step spectrum profile fibre Bragg grating arrangement,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2005, 120(2): 490-493.

[10] I. Abe, H. J. Kalinowski, O. Frazao, J. L. Santos, R. N. Nogueira, and J. L. Pinto, “Superimposed Bragg gratings in high-birefringence fibre optics: three-parameter simultaneous measurements,” Measurement Science and Technology, 2004, 15(8): 1453-1457.

[11] C. L. Zhao, J. R. Zhao, W. Jin, J. Ju, L. Cheng, and X. G. Huang, “Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement using a highly birefringence fiber loop mirror and a long-period grating written in a photonic crystal fiber,” Optics Communications, 2009, 282(20): 4077-4080.

[12] T. Liu, G. F. Fernando, Z. Y. Zhang, and K. T. V. Grattan, “Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements in composites using extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric and intrinsic rare-earth doped fiber sensors,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2000, 80(3): 208-215.

[13] K. Kishida, Y. Yamauchi, and A. Guzik, “Study of optical fibers strain-temperature sensitivities using hybrid Brillouin-Rayleigh system,” Photonic Sensors, 2014, 4(1): 1-11.

[14] K. Hotate, W. Zou, R. K. Yamashita, and Z. He, “Distributed discrimination of strain and temperature based on Brillouin dynamic grating in an optical fiber,” Photonic Sensors, 2013, 3(4): 332-344.

[15] S. Ramachandran, “Dispersion-tailored few-mode fibers: a versatile platform for in-fiber photonic devices,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2005, 23(11): 3426-3443.

[16] A. A. Sukhorukov, C. J. Handmer, C. M. de Sterke, and M. J. Steel, “Slow light with flat or offset band edges in few-mode fiber with two gratings,” Optics Express, 2007, 15(26): 17954-17959.

[17] S. Li, M. J. Li, and R. S. Vodhanel, “All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber,” Optics Letters, 2012, 37(22): 4660-4662.

[18] B. Sun, A. Wang, L. Xu, C. Gu, Y. Zhou, Z. Lin, et al., “Transverse mode switchable fiber laser through wavelength tuning,” Optics Letters, 2013, 38(5): 667-669.

[19] D. Menashe, M. Tur, and Y. Danziger, “Interferometric technique for measuring dispersion of high order modes in optical fibres,” Electronics Letters, 2001, 37(24): 1439-1440.

[20] T. J. Ahn, Y. Jung, K. Oh, and D. Y. Kim, “Optical frequency-domain chromatic dispersion measurement method for higher-order modes in an optical fiber,” Optics Express, 2005, 13(25): 10040-10048.

[21] P. Hamel, Y. Jaoun, R. Gabet, and S. Ramachandran, “Optical low-coherence reflectometry for complete chromatic dispersion characterization of few-mode fibers,” Optics Letters, 2007, 32(9): 1029-1031.

[22] J. Cheng, M. E. V. Pedersen, K. Wang, C. Xu, L. Grüner-Nielsen, and D. Jakobsen, “Time-domain multimode dispersion measurement in a higherorder- mode fiber,” Optics Letters, 2012, 37(3): 347-349.

[23] Q. Wang, G. Farrell, and W. Yan, “Investigation on single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2008, 26(5): 512-519.

[24] Q. Wu, Y. Semenova, P. Wang, and G. Farrell, “High sensitivity SMS fiber structure based refractometer - analysis and experiment,” Optics Express, 2011, 19(9): 7937-7944.

[25] M. Kumar, A. Kumar, and S. M. Tripathi, “A comparison of temperature sensing characteristics of SMS structures using step and graded index multimode fibers,” Optics Communications, 2014, 312(1): 222-226.

[26] H. Y. Choi, M. J. Kim, and B. H. Lee, “All-fiber Mach-Zehnder type interferometers formed in photonic crystal fiber,” Optics Express, 2007, 15(9): 5711-5720.

[27] P. Lu, L. Men, K. Sooley, and Q. Chen, “Tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature,” Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94(13): 131110-1-131110-3.

[28] S. Zhang, W. Zhang, S. Gao, P. Geng, and X. Xue, “Fiber-optic bending vector sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer exploiting lateral-offset and up-taper,” Optics Letters, 2012, 37(21): 4480-4482.

[29] L. C. Li, L. Xia, Z. H. Xie, and D. M. Liu, “All-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers for sensing applications,” Optics Express, 2012, 20(10): 11109-11120.

[30] Q. Q. Yao, H. Y. Meng, W. Wang, H. C. Xue, R. Xiong, B. Huang, et al., “Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer combined with a fiber Bragg grating,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2014, 209(1): 73-77.

[31] K. Ni, T. Li, L. M. Hu, W. W. Qian, Q. Y. Zhang, and S. Z. Jin, “Temperature-independent curvature sensor based on tapered photonic crystal fiber interferometer,” Optics Communications, 2012, 285(24): 5148-5150.

[32] Y. P. Xu, P. Lu, Z. G. Qin, J. Harris, F. Baset, P. Lu, et al., “Vibration sensing using a tapered bend-insensitive fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Optics Express, 2013, 21(3): 3031-3042.

[33] L. Yuan, “Recent progress of in-fiber integrated interferometers,” Photonic Sensors, 2011, 1(1): 1-5.

[34] C. Yu, X. Chen, Y. Gong, Y. Wu, Y. Rao, and G. Peng, “Simultaneous force and temperature measurement using optical microfiber asymmetrical interferometer,” Photonic Sensors, 2014, 4(3): 242-247.

[35] H. Latifi, M. I. Zibaii, S. M. Hosseini, and P. Jorge, “Nonadiabatic tapered optical fiber for biosensor applications,” Photonic Sensors, 2012, 2(4): 340-356.

[36] J. Sakai and T. Kimura, “Design of a miniature lens for semiconductor laser to single-mode fiber coupling,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1980, 16(10): 1059-1067.

[37] P. Lu, J. Harris, Y. Xu, Y. Lu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurements using a tapered bend-resistant fiber interferometer,” Optics Letters, 2012, 37(22): 4567-4569.

[38] W. Jin, W. C. Michie, G. Thursby, M. Konstantaki, and B. Culshaw, “Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature: error analysis,” Optical Engineering, 1997, 36(2): 598-609.