We develop a prototype endoscope system that can perform high-dynamic-range structure imaging and hyperspectral imaging. The system is used to successfully acquire the oxyhemoglobin spectrum of blood capillaries and obtain in vivo images of the various vascular pattern structures of the underside of the human tongue with high intrinsic contrast and high dynamic range. The dynamic range of the acquired high-dynamic-range mucosa image is 116.5 dB, which is 68.2 dB higher than that of the mucosa images acquired by a normal low-dynamic-range CCD. Our results demonstrate the system’s tremendous potential for the clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases.