Fig. 1. Simulation setup for λ = 70 μm and V_a = 3.5 μm/ns: (a) initial density profile; (b) temperature fluctuations at t = 0.08 ns; (c) initial profiles of ρ (solid), T (dot-dashed), and v_z (dashed) along z axis.

Fig. 2. (a) Ratio of bubble velocity to corresponding classical value U_cl2D and (b) linear growth rate of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability (ARTI) induced by stationary heat-flux (SHF) perturbation for different λ with V_a = 3.5 μm/ns. The linear growth rates are shown for the simulation results (red triangles) and those obtained theoretically using the improved Takabe-like formula [Eq. (1)] (pink dot-dashed line) and the formula based on stability theory [Eq. (2)] (black solid line). (c) x-averaged temperature perturbation amplitude vs z penetration distance induced by SHF perturbation for three cases with different λ at t ≈ 0.5 ns.

Fig. 3. Density contours of ARTI induced by time-varying heat-flux (TVHF) perturbation for different τ with λ = 70 μm and V_a = 3.5 μm/ns at t ≈ 5.0 ns. The perturbation periods are (a) τ = 0.05 ns, (b) τ = 0.1 ns, (c) τ = 0.2 ns, (d) τ = 0.5 ns, and (e) τ = 1.0 ns, and (f) is for SHF perturbation.

Fig. 4. Temporal evolution of bubble velocity for ARTI induced by TVHF and SHF perturbations for (a) λ = 70 μm, (b) λ = 50 μm, and (c) λ = 30 μm with V_a = 3.5 μm/ns.

Fig. 5. (a) Simulation (red triangles) and theoretical (black solid line) results for linear growth rate and (b) average effective acceleration (blue dots) and ablation pressure (red squares) in linear stage of ARTI induced by TVHF perturbation for different τ with λ = 70 μm and V_a = 3.5 μm/ns. (c) Profiles of average heat flux along z direction for three different configurations at t ≈ 2.0 ns.

Fig. 6. Linear growth rate of ARTI vs phase velocity of TVHF perturbation for different λ and V_a: (a) V_a = 2.0 μm/ns; (b) V_a = 3.5 μm/ns; (c) V_a = 5.0 μm/ns. Pink circles: λ = 30 μm; blue triangles: λ = 50 μm; red squares: λ = 70 μm. The red dashed line represents the corresponding characteristic sound speed in the ablation region for each V_a.

Fig. 7. Average phase difference of density and temperature fluctuations traveling along x direction in ablation region with λ = 70 μm and V_a = 3.5 μm/ns during t = 0–2 ns.