Author Affiliations
1Environmental Resources and Meteorological Observation Field Office, Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China2Infrared Camera Research Department, Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China3Technology Management Department, Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity, Beijing 100094, China4National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China5FengYun Meteorological Satellite Engineering Management, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China6Meteorological Environment Satellite General Department, Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology, Shanghai 201100, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Lightning spectrum detected by NASA U-2 aircraft
[35] Fig. 2. Details of three characteristic spectral lines of lightning's oxygen atom
[35-36] Fig. 3. Polar orbital lightning imager TRMM-LIS of the United States
[41-43] Fig. 4. GLM on the GOES-R and GOES-S satellite of the United States
[45-47] Fig. 5. CCD sensor of the GLM on the GOES-R satellite of the United States
[48-49] Fig. 6. Geostationary lightning imager MTG-LI of Europe
[50-51] Fig. 7. ISUAL on the Formosat-2 satellite
[59]. (a) SP; (b) imager; (c) AP
Fig. 8. Research and development process of FY-4A lightning mapping imager
Fig. 9. Difference between ground observation and space observation of lightning. (a) Lightning observed on ground; (b) lightning observed on space
Fig. 10. Response range of the sensor used for the lightning detector
Fig. 11. Spatial resolution selection of FY-4A lightning mapping imager. (a) Lightning and background observed on space; (b) lightning detection resolution of lightning mapping imager
Fig. 12. Lightning pulse duration and the lightning detection frame period selection
Fig. 13. Comparison between lightning and sunlight background spectra
[54] Fig. 14. Relationship between center wavelength and incident angle drift of ultra narrow band filter
Fig. 15. Test curves of center wavelength and bandwidth of ultra narrow band filter
Fig. 16. Overall technology for real-time detection of weak targets from multiple transient point sources in a complex background on space
Fig. 17. FY-4A lightning mapping imager and its installation on satellite
Fig. 18. Some application results of FY-4A lightning mapping imager
[68] Fig. 19. Schematic diagram of polar lightning optical stereo detection on space
Fig. 20. Lightning types in low altitude, high altitude and near space
| VLF/LF lightning detection system | Probability of detection /% | Detection range | Type of the detect lightning | Positioning error /m |
|---|
| WWLLN | 10 | Global | Strong intracloud lightning，cloud-to-ground lightning | >10000 | | NLDN | 30-60（intracloud lightning）； 95（cloud-to-ground lightning） | Area | Intracloud lightning，cloud-to-ground lightning | 150-200 | | GLD 360 | 80（the Northern Hemisphere）； 10-80（the Southern Hemisphere） | Global | Intracloud lightning，cloud-to-ground lightning | 1500-2500 | | ADTD | 95 | Area | Cloud-to-ground lightning | 300 |
|
Table 1. Internationally representative ground lightning detection systems in VLF/LF band
| VHF lightning detection system | Probability of detection /% | Detection range | Type of the detect lightning | Positioning error /m |
|---|
| LDAR | > 90（in the detection network） | Area | Intracloud lightning，cloud-to-ground lightning | Horizontal：1000（in the detection network） | | LMA | Multiple applications for research on refined lightning channels without considering probability of detection | Area | Intracloud lightning，cloud-to-ground lightning | Horizontal：6-12； vertical：20-30 | | ENTLN | 50（intracloud lightning）、95（cloud-to-ground lightning） | Area | Intracloud lightning，cloud-to-ground lightning | Horizontal：10-500 |
|
Table 2. Internationally representative ground lightning detection systems in VHF band
Camera parameter | OTD | LIS （TRMM） | GLM （GOES-R，2016-11） | LI （MTG，2022-12） | FY-4A lightening mapping imager（FY-4，2016-12） | FY-4-03 lightening mapping imager（FY-4，expect 2025） |
|---|
| Orbit /km | 710 | 350 | 42164 | 35800 | 35800 | 35800 | | Ground sampling distance | 10 km@ nadir | 3.9- 5.4 km | 8 km@nadir， 14 km@edge field of view（FOV） | 4.5 km@nadir， 10 km@latitude 45° | 7.8 km@nadir | 4 km@nadir | | FOV /（°） | 80×80 | 80×80 | 16×16 | 7.2×7.2×4.0 | 5.0×7.5 | 16.0×12.5 | | Coverage /km | 1300×1300 | 580×580 | visible Earth disk | visible Earth disk | 3200×4800 | visible Earth disk | | Detection spectral band /nm | 777. 4 | 777.4 | 777.4 | 777.4 | 777.4 | 777.4 | | Bandwidth /nm | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | | Frame time /ms | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | | Probablity of detection | ≥25% | ≥90% | ≥90%（night）， ≥70%（day） | 90% for latitude 45°， 70% as average over FOV， 40% over EUMETSAT member states（goal） | 70%- 90% | ≥70%（day）， ≥90%（night） | | False alarm rate /% | — | ≤10 | ≤5 | ≤10 | ≤10 | ≤10 | | Positioning accuracy | — | One pixel | One pixel | One pixel | One pixel | One pixel |
|
Table 3. Comparison of the performance of FY-4A lightning mapping imager
![Lightning spectrum detected by NASA U-2 aircraft[35]](/richHtml/gxxb/2024/44/2/0200006/img_01.jpg)
![Details of three characteristic spectral lines of lightning's oxygen atom[35-36]](/richHtml/gxxb/2024/44/2/0200006/img_02.jpg)
![Polar orbital lightning imager TRMM-LIS of the United States[41-43]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
