High-speed 3D topography measurement technology is important for research and application in virtual and augmented reality, intelligent manufacturing testing, material performance testing, and other fields that require 3D modeling and deep analysis for dynamic scenes and processes. With the increasing demand for high-speed dynamic scene measurement and the rapid development of measurement equipment, researchers have gradually shifted their attention from 3D measurements of simple static scenes to measurements of complex dynamic scenes. Based on the requirements of measurement projects, this study reviewed the hardware and algorithmic research progresses of high-speed 3D measurement technology based on fringe projection. Then, it compared the advantages and disadvantages of existing technologies in different categories, suggested method selection under different measurement tasks, and summarized the challenges and potential development trends of high-speed 3D measurement technology based on fringe projection.