Fig. 1. The principle of starlight refraction for navigation.
Fig. 2. Diagram of the main parameter design method.
Fig. 3. FOV distribution of the star sensor. (a) Geometry model of starlight refraction; (b) layout of FOV distribution.
Fig. 4. Limb background radiance at different tangent heights at 1.65 μm.
Fig. 5. Star detection probability at different limit magnitude with 6° FOV.
Fig. 6. The aperture and focal length with different FOV meeting the star detection requirements.
Fig. 7. Basic structure of two-mirror optical system.
Fig. 8. Schematic of the optical system.
Fig. 9. Spot diagram of diffuse spots.
Fig. 10. Energy concentration curve of the designed optical system.
Fig. 11. Lateral chromatic aberration curves of the designed optical system.
Fig. 12. Relative distortion curves of the designed optical system.
Fig. 13. Baffle and the designed optical system.
Fig. 14. Variation curve of the PST with off-axis angle.
F-number | 4°FOV
| 6°FOV
| 10°FOV
| 15°FOV
|
---|
Effective aperture | Focal length | Effective aperture | Focal length | Effective aperture | Focal length | Effective aperture | Focal length |
---|
1 | 600 | 600 | 460 | 460 | 350 | 350 | 292 | 292 | 2 | 420 | 840 | 320 | 640 | 260 | 520 | 200 | 400 | 3 | 350 | 1050 | 260 | 780 | 200 | 600 | 164 | 489 | 4 | 300 | 1200 | 230 | 920 | 180 | 720 | 144 | 576 | 5 | 270 | 1350 | 210 | 1050 | 160 | 800 | 130 | 650 |
|
Table 0. The aperture and focal length with different FOV meeting the star detection requirements (mm).
Tolerance | Range |
---|
Radius (μm) | ±50 | Thickness/μm | ±50 | Decenter/μm | ±50 | Tilt/(°) | ±0.01 | Index | 0.001 | Abbe | 1% |
|
Table 0. Tolerances of designed optical system.
Field (°) | RMS radius (μm) | GEO radius (μm) |
---|
0.0 | 6.287 | 10.700 | 0.8 | 6.361 | 12.036 | 1.5 | 7.047 | 13.785 | 2.2 | 8.106 | 16.727 | 3.0 | 6.444 | 15.359 |
|
Table 0. Spot diagram radius with different field.
Probability | Criteria (RMS spot radius in μm) |
---|
90% | <8.25 | 80% | <7.83 | 50% | <7.30 | 20% | <6.69 | 10% | <6.41 |
|
Table 0. Deviation of nominal criteria by tolerances.
Lens | Radius of curvature/mm | Thickness/mm | Radius/mm | Glass |
---|
M1 | −2111.657 | −767.437 | 150.277 | Mirror | L1 | −250.140 | −26.276 | 80.844 | D-K9 | | −156.406 | −20.312 | 80.814 | | L2 | −1005.727 | −14.029 | 75.380 | H-ZLAF75B | | 808.869 | −61.471 | 75.150 | | L3 | 568.244 | −7.076 | 66.763 | H-K9LA | | −232.117 | −9.612 | 66.716 | | L4 | −159.449 | −24.713 | 66.795 | H-FK95 N | | 395.243 | −45.845 | 66.404 | | L5 | 158.838 | −7.372 | 58.082 | H-K9LA | | 151.108 | −54.553 | 58.100 | | IMA | Infinity | – | 43.613 | |
|
Table 0. Optimized parameters of the catadioptric optical system.
FOV | 2° | 4° | 6° | 8° | 10° | 15° |
---|
Limit magnitude | 6.8 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 3.9 | Average refracted star number | 8.1 | 9.8 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 8.5 | 8.2 |
|
Table 0. The limit magnitude with different FOV meeting the star detection probability.
Parameter | Size |
---|
Pixel size(μm) | 10 μm | Quantum efficiency Q | 90% | Median noise(e− rms) | 12.4 | Median dark noise(e−/s/pixel) | 0.012 | Full well capacity[ke−] | 109 | Integration time(ms) | 20 |
|
Table 0. Main parameters of the detector.
Parameters | Targets |
---|
Focal length | 780 mm | Effective aperture | 260 mm | FOV | ≥6° | Limit magnitude | ≥4.8 | Waveband | 1.52–1.78 μm | Energy concentration | ≥85% in 30 μm | Distortion | ≤0.43% | Integration time | 20 ms | Refractive Star Observation Probability | ≥85% | Non-Refractive Star Observation Probability | ≥95% |
|
Table 0. Initial parameters of the optical system.