Author Affiliations
1College of Marine Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong , China2Qingdao Leice Transient Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266101, Shandong , China3Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, Shandong , China4Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong , Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Structural design drawing of CDIAL system
Fig. 2. Flow chart of simulation of echo signal by CDIAL
Fig. 3. Simulation results of echo signal. (a) Aerosol backscattering coefficient; (b) standard atmospheric model; (c) CO2 volume fraction profile; (d) simulated echo signal
Fig. 4. Variation of DAOD with drift of at different heights
Fig. 5. Variation of CO2 molecular absorption cross section with wavelength
Fig. 6. RSE introduced by wavelength shift in DAOD at different altitudes
Fig. 7. Variation of DAOD with increasing temperature offset at different heights
Fig. 8. CO2 molecular absorption cross section difference
Fig. 9. RSE of DAOD at different altitudes induced by temperature bias
Fig. 10. Variation of DAOD with increasing pressure offset at different heights
Fig. 11. RSE of DAOD at different altitudes induced by pressure bias
Fig. 12. SNR of echo output varies with height under different aerosol conditions
Fig. 13. Random error of CO2 volume fraction varies with height under different aerosol conditions
Fig. 14. RSE of volume fraction inversion caused by wavelength drift
Fig. 15. RSE of volume fraction inversion caused by temperature uncertainty
Fig. 16. RSE of CO2 molecular number density caused by temperature uncertainty
Fig. 17. RSE of volume fraction inversion caused by pressure uncertainty
Fig. 18. RSE of CO2 molecular number density caused by pressure uncertainty
Fig. 19. RSE of CO2 volume fraction caused by measurement deviation of water vapor volume mixing ratio
System | Item | Content |
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Transmission system | Laser | MOPA fiber laser | Laser wavelength(on)/nm | 1572.335 | Laser wavelength(off)/nm | 1572.180 | Pulse energy /μJ | 80 | Laser linewidth /kHz | <5 | Repetition frequency /kHz | 10 | Intermediate frequency /MHz | 80 | Pulse width /ns | 400 | Telescope diameter /mm | 80 | Acquisition system | Detector | Balance detector | Responsivity /(A·W-1) | 1 | ADC sampling /(Gbit/s) | 1 | Bandwidth /MHz | 200 |
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Table 1. Parameters of CDIAL system
Simulation parameter | Value | Simulation parameter | Value |
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Laser wavelength(on/off)/nm | 1572.335/1572.180 | Input impedance /Ω | 50 | Pulse energy /μJ | 80 | Gain | 1000 | Quantum efficiency | 0.80 | Number of range gates | 512 | Telescope diameter /mm | 80 | Local oscillator truncation efficiency /mW | 2 | Instrumental constant | 0.6026 | Heterodyne efficiency /% | 46.1 |
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Table 2. Simulation parameters of echo signal
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
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Bandwidth /MHz | 200 | Responsivity /(A·W-1) | 1 @1550 nm | Output impedance /Ω | 50 | Maximum output /V | 1.5 @50 Ω | Detector diameter /μm | 75 | | |
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Table 3. Parameters of balance detector system
Error source | Uncertainty | Relative system error /% | Absolute error /10-6 |
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Total | — | 0.45 | 1.80 | Wavelength | 0.5 pm | 0.01 | 0.04 | Temperature | 1 K | 0.41 | 1.64 | Pressure | 1 hPa | 0.11 | 0.44 | Water vapor | 10% | 0.16 | 0.64 |
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Table 4. Total error of system