Yilun DU, Chengming LI, Chao SHI, Shusheng XU, Yan YAN, Zheng ZHANG. Review of QCD phase diagram analysis using effective field theories[J]. NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES, 2023, 46(4): 040009

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- NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES
- Vol. 46, Issue 4, 040009 (2023)
![(a) The rightmost curve represents the phase diagram derived using the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, the dashed line of the rightmost curve denotes the crossover, the symbol × denotes the first-order phase transition, and the junction where the dashed line and the crosses meet is a critical endpoint (CEP). The other three lines in the left panel are the hypothetical freeze-out curves. (b, c) The ratios of the high-order susceptibilities m1B and m2B compared to the collision energysNN obtained along the three freeze-out curves in (a)[116]](/richHtml/hjs/2023/46/4/040009/040009-F001.jpg)
Fig. 1. (a) The rightmost curve represents the phase diagram derived using the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, the dashed line of the rightmost curve denotes the crossover, the symbol × denotes the first-order phase transition, and the junction where the dashed line and the crosses meet is a critical endpoint (CEP). The other three lines in the left panel are the hypothetical freeze-out curves. (b, c) The ratios of the high-order susceptibilities compared to the collision energy obtained along the three freeze-out curves in (a)[116]
![Experimental result from measuring R32p, relative to the collision energy,sNN measured by the STAR experiment for an Au+Au collision with 0%~5% centrality, and the theoretical results ofR32B relative tosNN from the renormalization-group-based chiral perturbation theory[125]](/richHtml/hjs/2023/46/4/040009/040009-F002.jpg)
Fig. 2. Experimental result from measuring , relative to the collision energy, measured by the STAR experiment for an Au+Au collision with 0%~5% centrality, and the theoretical results of relative to from the renormalization-group-based chiral perturbation theory[125]
![Experimental result from measuring Rn2p relative to the collision energysNN measured by the STAR experiment for Au+Au collisions with 0%~5% centrality, and the theoretical results ofRn2B relative tosNN from the renormalization-group-based chiral perturbation theory[125]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 3. Experimental result from measuring relative to the collision energy measured by the STAR experiment for Au+Au collisions with 0%~5% centrality, and the theoretical results of relative to from the renormalization-group-based chiral perturbation theory[125]
![The chiral phase diagram from the separable model and the variation of the critical endpoint (CEP) relative to μ5 values[145]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 4. The chiral phase diagram from the separable model and the variation of the critical endpoint (CEP) relative to values[145]
![The variation of the critical endpoint (CEP) relative to μ5 calculated via the MT model and QC model, where the hollow circles and triangles from right to left correspond toμ5=(0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.6,0.8) GeV, respectively[147]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 5. The variation of the critical endpoint (CEP) relative to calculated via the MT model and QC model, where the hollow circles and triangles from right to left correspond to , respectively[147]
![Influence of the truncation parameter on temperature-dependent term of the critical endpoint (CEP) in terms of its projection onto the μ-μ5 plane within the Polyakov-loop-extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model[151]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 6. Influence of the truncation parameter on temperature-dependent term of the critical endpoint (CEP) in terms of its projection onto the plane within the Polyakov-loop-extended Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model[151]
![Shift of the critical endpoint (CEP) location with respect to the volume predicted by the Dyson-Schwinger (DS) equations under the Rainbow truncation[156]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 7. Shift of the critical endpoint (CEP) location with respect to the volume predicted by the Dyson-Schwinger (DS) equations under the Rainbow truncation[156]
![The relationship between the meson melting temperature in a hot spherical cavity and the cavity radius[161]. The y-axis represents the binding energy of charm and anti-charm quarks, whose vanishing meets the criteria for the meson melting temperature.](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 8. The relationship between the meson melting temperature in a hot spherical cavity and the cavity radius[161]. The y-axis represents the binding energy of charm and anti-charm quarks, whose vanishing meets the criteria for the meson melting temperature.
![The variation of the effective quark mass with temperature at different angular velocities when radius R=1.97 fm, locationr=0.8R, and chemical potentialμ=0[57]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 9. The variation of the effective quark mass with temperature at different angular velocities when radius , location , and chemical potential [57]
![The variation of the effective quark mass with chemical potential at different angular velocities when the radius R=1.97 fm, locationr=0.8R, and temperatureμ=0[57]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 10. The variation of the effective quark mass with chemical potential at different angular velocities when the radius , location , and temperature [57]
![The equation of states of strange quark matter and hadronic matter[179]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 11. The equation of states of strange quark matter and hadronic matter[179]
![Mass-radius relations of hybrid stars[179]. The shaded region represents the mass constraint on neutron stars from PSR J0348+0432.](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 12. Mass-radius relations of hybrid stars[179]. The shaded region represents the mass constraint on neutron stars from PSR J0348+0432.
![Tidal deformability Λ1-Λ2 of hybrid stars and the pure neutron star[179]. The long straight dotted line indicates the boundary ofΛ1=Λ2, along which the above stars are not deformable.](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 13. Tidal deformability of hybrid stars and the pure neutron star[179]. The long straight dotted line indicates the boundary of , along which the above stars are not deformable.
![Stability windows of two-flavor and three-flavor quark matter[198]. Rv=Gv/G represents the ratio of coupling constants of vector interaction and scalar interaction,α is the weighting factor of the exchange interaction channel, andB is the bag constant.](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 14. Stability windows of two-flavor and three-flavor quark matter[198]. represents the ratio of coupling constants of vector interaction and scalar interaction, is the weighting factor of the exchange interaction channel, and is the bag constant.
![Mass-radius relations for quark stars[198]. The available mass-radius constraints of neutron stars from PSR J0740+6620 and PSR J0030+0451 (upper right loops and lower right loops), and the binary tidal deformability constraint from LIGO/Virgo GW170817 (left loops) are displayed.](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 15. Mass-radius relations for quark stars[198]. The available mass-radius constraints of neutron stars from PSR J0740+6620 and PSR J0030+0451 (upper right loops and lower right loops), and the binary tidal deformability constraint from LIGO/Virgo GW170817 (left loops) are displayed.
![At absolute zero, the relationship between the effective quark mass and chemical potential from the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model with the self-consistent mean field approximation method and three-momentum cutoff regularization[196]](/Images/icon/loading.gif)
Fig. 16. At absolute zero, the relationship between the effective quark mass and chemical potential from the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model with the self-consistent mean field approximation method and three-momentum cutoff regularization[196]
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Table 1. The maximum masses of quark stars with different parameter sets, and the radius of quark stars with 1.6 and 1.4 [196]

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