Herein, we collected the spectra of nine types of common camouflage materials and backgrounds to analyze and extract the spectra of camouflage materials based on reflectance spectra. Then, after envelope removal, we analyzed the original reflectance curves and the spectral curves and used several spectral difference algorithms to calculate the spectral data and then evaluate the camouflage effect. Differences in the spectral characteristics of several groups of camouflage targets, which are difficult to distinguish in visible images, are obtained via experiments, thus providing a basis for selecting bands and camouflage materials.