Values of the Farmland Ecosystem Services of Qingdao City, China, and their Changes

Shizhen CAI; Xuliang ZHANG; Yinghui CAO; Zhaohui ZHANG; Wei WANG

doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.05.002

Journals >Journal of Resources and Ecology >Volume 11 >Issue 5 >Page 443 > Article

Journal of Resources and Ecology
Vol. 11, Issue 5, 443 (2020)

Values of the Farmland Ecosystem Services of Qingdao City, China, and their Changes

Shizhen CAI^1、1, Xuliang ZHANG^1、1、*, Yinghui CAO^1、1, Zhaohui ZHANG^2、2, and Wei WANG^2、2

Author Affiliations

¹School of Tourism and Geography Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China

¹青岛大学旅游与地理科学学院,山东青岛 266071

²The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China

²自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东青岛 266061

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DOI: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2020.05.002 Cite this Article

Shizhen CAI, Xuliang ZHANG, Yinghui CAO, Zhaohui ZHANG, Wei WANG. Values of the Farmland Ecosystem Services of Qingdao City, China, and their Changes[J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(5): 443 Copy Citation Text

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Service type	Evaluation index	Meaning of index	Evaluation method	Calculating formula	Meaning of parameters
Provisioning service	Product provisioning service	Agricultural product production and provisioning	Market value method	${{V}_{A}}\text{=}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{m}_{i}}}\times {{p}_{i}}\times {{q}_{i}}$	V_A is the value of agricultural product provisioning service (Yuan), p_i is the agricultural product price of type i per kilogram (Yuan kg^-1), q_i is the net production of agricultural product of type i per hectare (t ha^-1), m_i is the planting area of type i agricultural product (ha)
Regulating service	Carbon fixation serviceOxygen release service	Fixation of CO₂by the process of photosynthesis	Carbon tax method, afforestation cost method	$NPP=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{\frac{{{Y}_{i}}(1-{{w}_{i}})}{{{f}_{i}}}}$V_C=1.68×NPP×R_C×P_C	NPP is the net primary production of crops (t yr^-1), Y_i is the economic yield of type i crop (t), w_i is the moisture content of type i crop, f_i is the economic coefficient of type i crop, V_Cis the carbon fixation value of the farmland ecosystem (Yuan), Pc is the cost of carbon fixation, Rc is the content in CO₂, 27.27% (Liu et al., 2015)
	Carbon fixation serviceOxygen release service	Release of O₂By the process of photosynthesis	Industrial oxygen production method, afforestation cost method	V_O=1.20×NPP×P_O	V_O is the total oxygen release service value of the farmland ecosystem (Yuan), P_O is the cost of oxygen production
	Water conservation service	Intercepting precipitation by the crop	Substitute cost method	V₁=S×P×K×P_W	V₁ is the service value of crop interception of precipitation (Yuan), S is the area of farmland (ha), P is the average annual precipitation in Qingdao City (mm), K is the ratio of crop precipitation interception (%), the ratio of precipitation interception for general crops is 5% (Wu et al., 2017), P_Wis the cost of reservoir construction (Yuan m^-3)
		Maintaining water by the soil	Substitute cost method	V₂=S×C×H×P_W	V₂ is the value of the maintaining water service of soil (Yuan), C is the non-capillary porosity of soil (%), H is the thickness of soil (cm)
	Climate regulating service	Enhancing humidification and rain	Equivalent factor method	$\begin{align} & {{V}_{M}}=0.89{{C}_{\text{0}}}=\frac{1}{7}\times \\ & \text{ }\left( \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{m}_{i}}}\times {{p}_{i}}\times {{q}_{i}} \right)\times \frac{1}{T} \\ \end{align}$	V_M is the climate regulating service value of farmland (Yuan), C₀is the food producing and provisioning service value of the farmland ecosystem per hectare (Yuan ha^-1), m_i is the area of type i food crop (ha), p_i is the price of type i food crop (Yuan kg^-1), q_i is the per unit yield of type i food crop (t ha^-1), T is the total planting area of food crops (ha)
Supporting service	Soil conservation service	Maintaining soil nutrients	Shadow price method	${{V}_{S1}}={{Q}_{S}}\times \mathop{\sum }^{}{{S}_{j}}\times {{C}_{j}}\times {{P}_{j}}$${{Q}_{S}}=S\times ({{E}_{p}}-{{E}_{r}})$	V_S₁ is the soil nutrient maintainence service value (Yuan), Q_S is soil conservation (t ha^-1), S_j is the content of type j nutrient in soil (%), C_j is the chemical fertilizer conversion coefficient of class j nutrient, P_jis the market price of class j nutrient (Yuan), E_p is the potential erosion modulus of cultivated land (t km^-2yr^-1), E_Ris the actual erosion modulus (t km^-2yr^-1)
Supporting service	Soil conservation service	Reducing land abandonment	Opportunity cost method	V_S₂=P×Q×S/(10000 ×h×d)	V_S₂ is the value of reducing land abandon (Yuan), P is the annual income of farmland (Yuan ha^-1), Q is the amount of soil conservation (t ha^-1), S is the area of farmland cultivation (ha), h is the thickness of the plough layer of farmland (cm), d is soil bulk density (g cm^-3)
Cultural service	Social security service	Guaranteeing hidden unemployed farmers	Substitute cost method	V_P=N×M×R	V_P is the social security service value of farmland (Yuan), N is the population which needs to accept the lowest living security in rural areas (capita), M is the lowest living security standard of urban residents per capita (Yuan), R is the ratio of annual consumption expenditure of rural residents per capita to annual consumption expenditure of urban residents per capita
Cultural service	Entertainment and cultural service	Relaxation and entertainment	Equivalent factor method	$\begin{align} & {{V}_{T}}=0.01{{C}_{0}}=\frac{1}{7}\times \\ & \text{ }\left( \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{m}_{i}}}\times {{p}_{i}}\times {{q}_{i}} \right)\times \frac{1}{T} \\ \end{align}$	V_Tis the entertainment and cultural service value of farmland (Yuan), C₀ is the food production service value of farmland per hectare (Yuan ha^-1), m_i is the area of type i food crop planted (ha), p_i is the price of type i food crop (Yuan kg^-1), q_i is the per unit yield of type i food crop (t ha^-1), T is the total planting area of food crops (ha)

Table 1.

Evaluation index system of the farmland ecosystem service values in Qingdao City

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Item	1997		2002		2007		2012		2017
Item	Value	Ratio (%)	Value	Ratio (%)	Value	Ratio (%)	Value	Ratio (%)	Value	Ratio (%)
Product provisioning service	208.91	41.85	343.30	59.58	332.92	54.14	362.93	52.22	381.81	56.01
Carbon fixation and oxygen release service	161.54	32.32	102.06	17.71	140.17	22.80	171.89	24.73	148.79	21.83
Water conservation service	6.01	1.20	5.92	1.03	10.82	1.76	10.29	1.48	7.53	1.10
Climate regulating service	29.35	5.87	39.99	6.94	44.27	7.20	51.61	7.43	46.28	6.79
Soil conservation service	72.23	14.45	67.95	11.79	73.37	11.93	81.95	11.79	81.57	11.96
Social security service	21.37	4.28	16.49	2.86	12.82	2.08	15.76	2.27	15.24	2.24
Entertainment and cultural service	0.33	0.07	0.45	0.08	0.50	0.08	0.58	0.08	0.52	0.08
Total	499.74	100	576.16	100	614.87	100	695.01	100	681.74	100

Table 1.

0 Composition of the values of farmland ecosystem services in Qingdao City during 1997-2017 (×10⁸ Yuan)

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Crop species	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Wheat	33.27	20.74	29.03	37.08	31.60
Corn	8.47	11.39	16.92	23.54	22.72
Soybean	1.58	1.66	1.46	1.02	0.36
Potato	2.68	2.75	1.31	0.86	0.58
Peanut	21.73	35.86	34.62	36.99	32.23
Cotton	0.26	0.44	0.55	0.63	0.06
Tobacco	1.89	1.58	0.53	0.43	0.22
Vegetable	102.00	211.83	185.96	198.84	228.51
Fruit	37.03	57.05	62.55	63.53	65.52
Total	208.91	343.30	332.92	362.93	381.81

Table 2.

Provisioning service values of various crops of the farmland ecosystem in Qingdao City during 1997-2017 (×10⁸ Yuan)

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Crop	Moisture content (%)	Economic coefficient	Net primary productivity (×10⁴t yr^-1)
Crop	Moisture content (%)	Economic coefficient	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Wheat	12.50	0.37	374.71	256.81	330.05	365.33	298.94
Corn	13.50	0.49	131.20	193.25	264.33	319.65	294.87
Soybean	12.50	0.18	24.02	27.67	22.47	13.64	4.64
Potato	80.00	0.50	4.92	5.54	2.42	1.38	0.90
Peanut	10.00	0.43	64.51	116.73	103.81	96.17	80.30
Cotton	8.30	0.35	0.52	0.98	1.13	1.13	0.11
Tobacco	8.20	0.55	1.34	1.23	0.38	0.27	0.13
Vegetable	82.50	0.90	64.81	148.16	119.73	110.79	122.07
Fruit	77.50	0.70	25.71	43.45	43.90	38.60	38.15
Sum	—	—	691.74	793.83	888.22	946.96	840.10

Table 3.

Net primary productivities of various crops produced by the farmland ecosystem of Qingdao City in the 5 years

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Crop	Carbon fixation service value					Oxygen release service value
Crop	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Wheat	15.44	10.28	14.04	15.71	13.12	36.03	22.74	38.04	50.61	39.82
Corn	5.41	7.77	11.24	13.74	12.95	12.62	17.11	30.47	44.28	39.28
Soybean	0.99	1.11	0.96	0.59	0.20	2.31	2.45	2.59	1.89	0.62
Potato	0.20	0.22	0.10	0.06	0.04	0.47	0.49	0.28	0.19	0.12
Peanut	2.66	4.67	4.42	4.13	3.53	6.20	10.34	11.97	13.32	10.70
Cotton	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.09	0.13	0.16	0.01
Tobacco	0.06	0.05	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.13	0.11	0.04	0.04	0.02
Vegetable	2.67	5.93	5.09	4.76	5.36	6.23	13.12	13.80	15.35	16.26
Fruit	1.06	1.74	1.87	1.66	1.68	2.47	3.85	5.06	5.35	5.08
Total	28.50	31.77	37.79	40.71	36.88	66.52	70.29	102.38	131.18	111.91

Table 4.

Values of the carbon fixation service and oxygen release service of different crops of the farmland ecosystem in Qingdao City during 1997-2017 (×10⁸ Yuan)

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Item	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Annual precipitation (mm)	575.27	481.03	1012.46	649.12	674.92
Farmland area (×10⁴ha)	76.03	77.40	76.31	74.86	70.04
Value of intercepting precipitation by crops (×10⁸ Yuan)	3.08	2.77	7.03	5.59	4.16
Value of maintaining water by soil (×10⁸ Yuan)	2.93	3.15	3.79	4.70	3.37
Value of the water conservation service of farmland (×10⁸ Yuan)	6.01	5.92	10.82	10.29	7.53

Table 5.

Water conservation service value of the farmland ecosystem in Qingdao City during 1997-2017

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Item	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Equivalent product provisioning service value	0.43	0.58	0.65	0.77	0.74
Equivalent climate regulating service value	0.39	0.52	0.58	0.69	0.66
Climate regulating service value	29.35	39.99	44.27	51.61	46.28

Table 6.

Climate regulatory service value of the farmland ecosystem in Qingdao City during 1997-2017 (×10⁴ Yuan)

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Item	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Value of maintaining soil nutrients	70.65	65.54	70.15	78.45	77.53
Value of reducing land abandonment	1.57	2.41	3.22	3.50	4.04
Value of soil conservation service	72.23	67.95	73.37	81.95	81.57

Table 7.

Soil conservation service value of the farmland ecosystem in Qingdao City during 1997-2017 (×10⁸ Yuan)

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Item	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Rural population in Qingdao City (×10⁴people)	155.20	121.38	102.30	104.95	101.86
Population needing to receive minimum social security (×10⁴people)	72.63	56.81	47.88	49.12	47.67
Annual consumption expenditure of rural residents per capita (Yuan)	2150	2820	4736	8653	12928
Annual consumption expenditure of urban residents per capita (Yuan)	5525	7344	13376	20391	30569
Annual consumption expenditure of rural residents per capita to that of urban residents	0.39	0.38	0.35	0.42	0.42
Social security service value (×10⁸Yuan)	21.37	16.49	12.82	15.76	15.24

Table 8.

Social security service value of the farmland ecosystem in Qingdao City during 1997-2017

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Item	1997	2002	2007	2012	2017
Value equivalent of the food production service (×10⁴Yuan ha^-1)	0.43	0.58	0.65	0.77	0.74
Value equivalent of the entertainment and cultural service (Yuan ha^-1)	43.38	58.06	65.18	77.45	74.24
Value of the entertainment and cultural service (×10⁴ Yuan)	3298.16	4493.70	4973.97	5798.53	5199.81