Due to the inter symbol interference between multiple reference point sources in the positioning system, the positioning accuracy of the indoor visible light communication positioning system is decreased. Therefore, a positioning algorithm of visible light communication based on code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation is proposed. The identity (ID) information of every light emitting diode (LED) source is broadcasted by using the orthogonality of the spread spectrum code. The inter symbol interference is overcome and the capacity of the channel is enhanced by using the spread spectrum. At the receiver end, ID information and the signal strength of each LED are distinguished by adaptive filters. The location area of each LED and the distance between receiver end and each LED can be determined according to the ID information and the signal attenuation intensity, respectively. The positioning of the receiver can be realized by using the received signal strength (RSS) triangulation positioning algorithm. Furthermore, the receiving gain is improved by means of diversity reception technique, and finally the positioning accuracy is improved. The simulation result shows that the maximum error of the proposed positioning system is 6.18 cm, and more than 88% of the positioning point can be of the positioning accuracy less than 5 cm. The system not only achieves a good positioning accuracy, but also has a good stability and is easy to control, which will have broad application prospects.