Based on the theoretical model of the interaction between X-rays and matter, the transmission characteristics of X-rays in an electromagnetic shielding environment are studied, and the feasibility of X-rays communication for information transmission in an electromagnetic shielding environment is theoretically demonstrated. After that, a numerical simulation model of X-ray communication in a shielded environment is established, and the communication parameters of X-rays in an electromagnetic shielded environment are analyzed to achieve the index constraint of the core components. Finally, based on the key technologies of X-ray modulated emission and single-photon X-ray detection, an equivalent verification experiment of X-ray passing through the shielding material is conducted to realize the experimental verification of X-ray communication with a communication rate better than 23 kbps. The results are expected to provide some theoretical basis and experimental foundation for solving the radiation data transmission in a shielded environment.