Author Affiliations
1College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025, China2College of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Example diagram of double communication radius
Fig. 2. Network node topology of single communication radius
Fig. 3. Network node topology of double communication radius
Fig. 4. Average convergence curve of F1 function
Fig. 5. Average convergence curve of F2 function
Fig. 6. Average convergence curve of F3 function
Fig. 7. Average convergence curve of F4 function
Fig. 8. Unknown node error of three positioning algorithms
Fig. 9. Average positioning error under different communication radius
Fig. 10. Average positioning error under different beacon node proportions
Fig. 11. Average positioning error under different total number of nodes
Algorithm | Parameter |
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Improved GWO | | GWO | | PSO | |
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Table 1. Parameters of different algorithms
Function | Name | Dimension | Domain | Feature | Value |
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| Sphere | 60 | [-5.12,5.12] | US | 0 | | Schwefel’s Problem 2.22 | 120 | [-10,10] | UN | 0 | | Schwefel’s Problem 1.2 | 10 | [-100,100] | UN | 0 | | Schwefel’s Problem 2.21 | 200 | [-100,100] | US | 0 |
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Table 2. Basic information of 4 test functions
Parameter | Value |
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Maximum number of iterations | 200 | Population size | 100 | Number of iterations | 100 |
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Table 3. Parameters of the improved GWO algorithm
Algorithm | Minimum value | Maximum value | Average value |
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DV-Hop | 2.417 | 22.9758 | 9.806 | PDV-Hop | 2.034 | 18.3469 | 7.324 | GDV-Hop | 0.062 | 12.2726 | 4.732 |
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Table 4. Positioning error of different algorithms