Author Affiliations
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Chinashow less
1. Different-dimensional sp2-hybrid carbon nanomaterials, graphene forms (powder, film, and monolith), and concept of 3D graphene
2. Scheme of blowing process
3. (a) Kelvin structure and (b) Weaire-Phelan structure for honeycomb, (c) scheme of blowing kinetics
4. B-C-N-O light-element system suitable for blowing
5. (a) Scheme of chemical blowing process; (b, c) Photo and optical image of SG; (d) Optical image of a graphene membrane and graphitic struts of SG; (e, f) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of intermediate polymeric bubbles and their thin walls; (g) Optical image of a large few-layered graphene membrane taken from SG; (h) Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of an individual graphene membrane; (i) High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images of SG; (j-m) SEM images of strutted graphene grown at heating rates of 1, 4, 20 and 100 ℃/min
[24,55] 6. (a) Synthesis scheme of foaming based on PMP precursor; (b) SEM images of N-P-O-co-doped graphene foam
[67] 7. Synthesis schemes and SEM/HRTEM images of loaded graphene foam (a, b) Fe
2O
3[35]; (c, d) Co
2P
[36]; (e, g) NiFeP
[73] 8. (a) Synthesis scheme and (b-d) TEM images of 3D strutted g-C
3N
4 foam heated at different rates
[87] 9. (a) Synthesis scheme, (b) SEM, (c) optical, (d) AFM and (e) HRTEM images of BN foam by foaming of AB
[29]; (f) Synthesis scheme and (g, h) SEM images of BN foam using boric acid and PEO
[97] 10. Abundant applications based on 2D-material foams
| Precursor | Blowing agent | Heteroatom source | Temperature/℃ | Product | SSA/(m2∙g-1) | Application | Ref. |
|---|
| Glucose | NH4Cl | - | 1350 | Strutted graphene (SG) | 1005 | Supercapacitor | [24] | | Sugar | NH4Cl | - | 1400 | Strutted graphene (SG) | 710 | Supercapacitor | [55] | | Glucose | NH4Cl | - | 1000 | 3D carbon materials (CMs) | 170 | Li metal battery | [74] | | Glucose | (NH4)2CO3, citric acid | (NH4)2CO3 | 900 | N-doped 3D mesoporous foam | 516 | ElectrocatalysisThermocatalysis | [64] | | Glucose | NH4Cl, melamine | Melamine | 1100 | 3D N-doped graphene (3DNG) layers | 1190 | Supercapacitor | [65] | | Starch | Urea | Urea | 800 | N-doped graphitized carbon nanosheets | 1947 | Supercapacitor | [66] | | PMP | Melamine | Melamine, H3PO4 | 1050 | N-P-O co-doped monolith carbon aerogel | 2668 | Supercapacitor Adsorption | [67] | | Glucose | Melamine | Melamine, H3PO4 | 1050 | P/N co-doped functional exfoliated carbon | 1440 | Electrocatalysis | [75] | | Chitosan | NH4Cl | NH4Cl | 900 | 3D hierarchically porous N-doped carbon | 1005 | Electrocatalysis | [76] | | Citric acid | NH4Cl | NH4Cl | 1000 | Hierarchically interconnected N-doped carbon nanosheets (NCNS) | 1460 | Electrocatalysis | [77] |
|
Table 1. Graphene foams and doped graphene foams fabricated via blowing route using residue-free ammonium blowing agents
| Precursor | Blowing agent of salt | Temperature/℃ | Product | SSA /(m2∙g-1) | Application | Ref. |
|---|
| Glucose | Fe(NO3)3 | 950 | Graphene-like carbon nanosheets (GCNs) | 220 | Electrosorption | [30] | | Sucrose | Zn(NO3)2 | 1200 | Foam-like porous carbon | 2340 | Supercapacitor | [31] | | Hydrolyzed starch | ZnCl2 | 400 | Activated carbon foam with nano-thickness cell walls (ACF-NCW) | 926 | Supercapacitor | [56] | | Cellulose | KHCO3 | 400 | Hierarchically porous carbons (HPCs) | 1893 | Supercapacitor | [57] | | Maltose | Ni(NO3)2 | 800 | Macroporous graphitic carbon foam (MGCF) | 804 | Microbial fuel cell | [58] | | Sucrose | Ni(NO3)2 | 900 | Carbon-graphite composite foam | — | Heat dissipation | [60] | | Maltose | Co(NO3)2 | 900 | Graphene-like carbon nanosheets (GCNs) | 735 | Electrosorption | [61] | | Potassium citrate | C6H5K3O7 | 850 | Porous carbon nanosheets (PCNs) | 2200 | Supercapacitor | [78] | | Acrylic-type cation-exchange resin | Ni(CH3COO)2 | 850 | 3D hierarchical porous graphene-like network | 1411 | Li ion battery | [79] | | Artemia cyst shells | Ni(CH3COO)2 | 850 | N-P-O co-doped 3D graphene | 1406 | Supercapacitor Electrocatalysis | [33] | | Glucose | Zn(NO3)2 | 800 | N-doped holey graphene | 1602 | Supercapacitor | [34] | | Poly-o-phenylenediamine | Ni(NO3)2 | 900 | 3D N-doped graphene (3DNGN) | 907 | Supercapacitor | [80] | | Coal tar pitch | Mg(CH3COO)2 | 700 | O/N co-doped foam-like porous carbon | 1010 | Supercapacitor | [81] | | EDTA, EG | Ni(NO3)2 | 550 | 3D N-doped carbon nanosheet@carbon nanotube (NCNS@CNT) | 375 | Supercapacitor | [82] | | PVP | Fe(NO3)3 | 700 | 3D N-doped carbon nanosheet frameworks decorated with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NCNF) | 306 | Li ion battery | [35] | | Glucose | Co(NO3)2 | 900 | CoO@Co/N-doped carbon (CoO@Co/N-C) | 551 | Electrocatalysis | [36] | | Glucose | Sb(CH3COO)3, NH4Cl | 950 | Sb/C composite material | — | Na ion battery | [37] | | Glucose | (NH4)2MoS4, NH4Cl | 1000 | MoS2/3D graphene structure (MoS2-G) | — | Electrocatalysis | [38] | | PVP | Fe(NO3)3 | 800 | 3D foam-like graphenic carbon scaffold incorporated with FeP nanoparticles (FeP@FGCS) | 159 | K ion battery | [39] | | PVP | Fe(NO3)3 | 900 | FexO nanospheres anchored on 3D N-doped few-layer graphene framework (FexO@NFLG) | 239 | K ion battery | [40] | | PVP | Fe(NO3)3 | 750 | 3D N-doped graphenic framework coupled with Fe3C@porous graphite carbon core-shell structures (Fe3C@PGC-NGF) | 238 | K ion battery | [41] | | Glucose | CuCl2, NH4Cl | 900 | Cu/graphene composite | — | Catalysis | [71] | | Glucose | CrCl3 | 1050 | Cr6+@graphene | — | Electrocatalysis | [72] | | Gelatin | Fe(NO3)3 | 500 | Fe2O3@N-doped carbon foam | 418 | Supercapacitor Li ion battery | [83] | | Polydopamine | Co(NO3)2 | 900 | Metal and nitrogen co-doped carbon (M/N-C) | 276 | Electrocatalysis | [84] | | Wheat flour | Co(NO3)2 | 800 | N,S- doped hierarchically porous carbon with core-shell Co@C nanoparticles (Co-N-S-PC) | 734 | Catalysis | [85] | | Glucose | Ni(NO3)2 | 650 | Graphene-like foam/NiO composite (GLF/NiO) | 323 | Supercapacitor | [86] |
|
Table 2. Pristine and loaded graphene foams fabricated via blowing route using metal-contained salt blowing agents
