Using a new poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) piezoelectricity gauge, the real-time measurement of pressure of the laser-induced shock wave is realized. The attenuation of peak pressure of the laser-induced shock wave in aluminum is an exponential function. Laser-induced shock waves on surface of aluminum targets different in confining materials are observed, and the effects of different confining materials are studied. At last, the 7050-T7451 aerial aluminum alloy material is shock-strengthened by laser shock-strengthening processing (LSP) technique with the device which is developed by authors, and the residual compressive stress and dislocation density of LSP area are tested, the test results show that test piece will have very high residual compressive stress after LSP, the residual compressive stress can exceed -200 MPa. There is a distinct increase in the dislocation density of aluminum alloy, the fatigue life is improved by 175%～428%. These experiments have guide meaning to the practical engineering applications of LSP technique.