It is significant for promoting the revitalization of beautiful rural areas while exploring the spatial correlation between sustainable development and agglomeration characteristics of rural areas based on the perspective of vulnerability. Taking remote sensing imagery as data source, we interpreted and identified the rural settlement patches of Jiangsu Province in 2016. While using the average nearest neighbor, kernel density estimation, and standard deviation ellipse method to clarify the rural agglomeration pattern in Jiangsu Province at the county scale, we constructed a comprehensive evaluation model of rural total vulnerability from the perspective of resources, economic, and social vulnerability. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between spatial agglomeration characteristics and vulnerability level in rural areas at the county scale. Results show: (1) The distribution of rural areas in Jiangsu Province decreased gradually from the core to the outer edge. Besides, rural settlements were densely distributed in the adjacent areas of southern and central Jiangsu as well as in the central part of northern Jiangsu. The overall spatial heterogeneity and directional characteristics of agglomeration patterns were obvious. (2) There was a regional imbalance in the rural vulnerability of Jiangsu Province at the county scale. While apart from a weak subsystems' correlation, the spatial coupling characteristics were not obvious. (3) There was a significant negative correlation between economic vulnerability, social vulnerability, and resource vulnerability, of which the latter two had weak links of rural development in Jiangsu Province. (4) The single vulnerable subsystems of resources, economy, and society in rural areas of Jiangsu Province at the county scale showed obvious agglomeration characteristics, while the comprehensive vulnerability and agglomeration characteristics had not achieved a benign spatial resonance.