Author Affiliations
1Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China2CRRC Yongji Electric Co., Ltd. Xi'an Branch, Xi'an , Shaanxi 710016, China3School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Thermo-physical parameters of 316L and H13+20%WC. (a)-(c) 316L; (d)-(f) H13+20%WC
Fig. 2. Finite element model and mesh division
Fig. 3. Diagram of nodes selection for temperature gradient calculation
Fig. 4. Temperature gradient of selected nodes change with time. (a) Node 1; (b) node 2; (c) node 3; (d) curves of maximum temperature gradient with preheating temperature for node 1 and node 3
Fig. 5. Variation of temperature gradient of selected nodes change with time. (a) (b) Node 1; (c) (d) node 2; (e) (f) node 3
Fig. 6. Diagram of nodes selection for temperature variation rate calculation
Fig. 7. Curves of temperature change with time at different preheating temperatures of selected nodes. (a) Node 4; (b) node 5
Fig. 8. Curves of temperature variation rate at cladding pool edge change with time of selected nodes. (a) Node 4; (b) node 5
Fig. 9. Curves of variation of temperature variation rate at cladding pool edge change with time of selected nodes. (a) Node 4; (b) node 5
Fig. 10. Microstructure of laser cladding forming 316L/H13+20%WC composite coatings under different conditions of substrate. (a) Crack at the cladding layer bonding under room temperature of substrate; (b) bottom microstructure of 316L cladding layer under 200 ℃ preheating of substrate; (c) microstructure of the cladding layer bonding under 200 ℃ preheating of substrate; (d) top microstructure of H13+20%WC cladding layer under 200 ℃ preheating of substrate
Temperature /℃ | Thermal conductivity /(W⋅m-1⋅℃-1) | Specific heat /(J⋅kg-1⋅℃-1) | Density /(kg⋅m-3) |
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25 | 17.1 | 452 | 7977 | 100 | 17.9 | 475 | 7935 | 400 | 21.3 | 533 | 7771 | 600 | 23.6 | 565 | 7663 | 800 | 25.8 | 598 | 7556 | 1000 | 28.1 | 630 | 7450 | 1200 | 30.3 | 664 | 7341 | 1400 | 32.4 | 794 | 7202 | 1600 | 33.8 | 826 | 6854 | 1800 | 37.1 | 830 | 6689 |
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Table 1. Thermo-physical parameters of H13 steel
Preheating temperature /℃ | Variation of temperature gradient /(℃⋅m-1) |
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Node 1 grad-Y | Node 1 grad-Z | Node 2 grad-Y | Node 2 grad-Z | Node 3 grad-Y | Node 3 grad-Z |
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100 | -6844 | -2788 | -1964.5 | -1206.5 | -617 | -1399 | 200 | -12451 | -6299 | -4024.0 | -2726.7 | -1562 | -3433 | 300 | -13525 | -9808 | -6008.2 | -4195.5 | -2451 | -5495 |
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Table 2. Maximum of variation of temperature gradient of selected nodes
Cladding material | Mass fraction /% |
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C | Cr | Si | Mn | Mo | V | Fe | Ni |
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316L stainless steel powder | 0.03 | 18 | 1.2 | 2 | 3 | - | Bal. | 12 | H13 steel powder | 0.32—0.45 | 4.75—5.5 | 0.80—1.2 | 0.20—0.5 | 1.10—1.75 | 0.80—1.2 | Bal. | - |
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Table 3. Composition of experiment materials