Xuzhou Tushan Tomb No.2 is an important tomb of princes in the early Eastern Han Dynasty excavated in recent years, and it has been selected as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2020. The tomb belongs to a brick-room tomb, and the extensive use of lime in many places is rare in the same period，representing the highly developed technology level of lime production and application at that time. The lime material is one of the most widely used cementitious materials in ancient China, but there is still a significant gap in scientific research. In this paper, the use of lime in the tomb was investigated. Various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, Iodine starch experiment and density, porous material density, porosity, water absorption test and X-Ray fluorescence were used to analyse and test various types of lime samples. The research results show that all the lime samples in the No.2 Tomb of Tushan were produced by manual calcination of natural lime, and no aggregate component was added, which reflects that the ancient people in the Han Dynasty were very skilled in lime burning; the raw materials of lime came from lime fired from bluestone-type high-calcium natural materials with calcium carbonate content of more than 85%, indicating that there was already a consciousness of selecting raw materials when calcining lime; lime has a wide variety of uses in the tomb, including masonry mortar for the masonry walls of the tomb, decorative plastering for the masonry walls and top coupons in the tomb, lining for anti-corrosion and moisture absorption under the body of the tomb owner in the coffin, showing that the ancients had a relatively deep understanding of the properties of lime and were able to make good use of it; due to the contact with the external natural environment, the sample has undergone obvious erosion and weathering, so it is urgent to carry out certain protection and reinforcement treatment. This study is of great significance for understanding the development of scientific and technological civilisation, such as the properties of lime, its production status, and its application in production and life among Chinese ancestors during the Eastern Han Dynasty. It also provides a scientific reference for the subsequent protection of related cultural relics.