The pure rotational Raman Lidar temperature measurement system usually retrieve atmospheric temperature according to the echo signal of high and low-level quantum numbers of N2 molecules. An effective method to detect the rotational Raman spectrum is taking a grating monochromator. In the present paper the detection principle and the structure of the echelle grating monochromator are described, the high order and lower order quantum number of the probe spectrum is resolved. The focal length of the collimating-focusing optical system is calculated by analyzing echelle grating’s spectroscopic principle and dispersion ability. Subsequently spectral effect is simulated with Zemax software. The simulation result indicates that under the condition of the probe laser wavelength of 532 nm and using echelle grating monochromator, Raman spectrums of 529.05, 530.40, 533.77, 535.13 nm can be separated well, at the same time, the SNR of the system is enhanced by summing the spectral signals of symmetric quantum number. The echelle grating monochromator is small in size, and can easily meet the requirements of the miniaturization of Raman Lidar temperature measurement system.