Degradation of multiphoton signal and resolution when focusing through a planar interface with index mismatch: Analytical approximation and numerical investigation

Ping Qiu; Chen He

doi:10.1142/s1793545818500207

[1] W. Denk, J. H. Strickler, W. W. Webb, “Twophoton laser scanning fluorescence microscopy," Science 248, 73–76 (1990).

[2] M. E. J. She±eld, D. A. Dombeck, “Calcium transient prevalence across the dendritic arbour predicts place field properties," Nature 517, 200–204 (2015).

[3] E. B. Brown, R. B. Campbell, Y. Tsuzuki, L. Xu, P. Carmeliet, D. Fukumura, R. K. Jain, “In vivo measurement of gene expression, angiogenesis and physiological function in tumors using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy," Nat. Med. 7, 864–868 (2001).

[4] W. R. Zipfel, R. M. Williams, R. Christie, A. Y. Nikitin, B. T. Hyman, W. W. Webb, “Live tissue intrinsic emission microscopy using multiphotonexcited native fluorescence and second harmonic generation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 7075–7080 (2003).

[5] N. G. Horton, K. Wang, D. Kobat, C. G. Clark, F. W. Wise, C. B. Schaffer, C. Xu, “In vivo three-photon microscopy of subcortical structures within an intact mouse brain," Nat. Photonics 7, 205–209 (2013).

[6] W.Wen, Y.Wang,H. Liu,K.Wang, P. Qiu, K.Wang, “Comparison of higher-order multiphoton signal generation and collection at the 1700-nmwindowbasedon transmittance measurement of objective lenses," J. Biophotonics 11(1), e201700121 (2017).

[7] S. Maiti, J. B. Shear, R. Williams, W. Zipfel, W. W. Webb, “Measuring serotonin distribution in live cells with three-photon excitation," Science 275, 530–532 (1997).

[8] L.-C. Cheng, N. G. Horton, K. Wang, S.-J. Chen, C. Xu, “Measurements of multiphoton action cross sections for multiphoton microscopy," Biomed. Opt. Express 5, 3427–3433 (2014).

[9] Y. Wang, K. Wang, W. Wen, P. Qiu, K. Wang, “Comparison of signal detection of GaAsP and GaAs PMTs for multiphoton microscopy at the 1700-nm window," IEEE Photonics J. 8, 6803406 (2016).

[10] R. M. Williams, W. R. Zipfel, W. W. Webb, “Interpreting second-harmonic generation images of Collagen I Fibrils," Biophys. J. 88, 1377–1386 (2005).

[11] D. Debarre, W. Supatto, A. M. Pena, A. Fabre, T. Tordjmann, L. Combettes, M. C. Schanne-Klein, E. Beaurepaire, “Imaging lipid bodies in cells and tissues using third-harmonic generation microscopy," Nat. Methods 3, 47–53 (2005).

[12] D. Kobat, M. E. Durst, N. Nishimura, A. W. Wong, C. B. Schaffer, C. Xu, “Deep tissue multiphoton microscopy using longer wavelength excitation," Opt. Express 17, 13354–13364 (2009).

[13] D. G. Ouzounov, T. Wang, M. Wang, D. D. Feng, N. G. Horton, J. C. Cruz-Hernandez, Y. T. Cheng, J. Reimer, A. S. Tolias, N. Nishimura, C. Xu, “In vivo three-photon imaging of activity of GCaMP6-labeled neurons deep in intact mouse brain," Nat. Methods 14, 388–390 (2017).

[14] K. Wang, W. Wen, Y. Wang, K. Wang, J. He, J. Wang, P. Zhai, Y. Yang, P. Qiu, “Order-ofmagnitude multiphoton signal enhancement based on characterization of absorption spectra of immersion oils at the 1700-nm window," Opt. Express 25, 5909–5916 (2017).

[15] Y. X. Wang, W. Wen, K. Wang, P. Zhai, P. Qiu, K. Wang, “Measurement of absorption spectrum of deuterium oxide (D2O) and its application to signal enhancement in multiphoton microscopy at the 1700-nm window," Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(2), 021112 (2016).

[16] D. Day, M. Gu, “Effects of refractive index mismatch on three-dimensional optical data-storage density in a two-photo bleaching," Appl. Opt. 37, 6299–6304 (1998).

[17] C. Y. Dong, B. Yu, P. D. Kaplan, P. T. C. So, “Performance of high NA water and oil immersion objective in deep tissue, multiphoton microscopic imaging of excised human skin," Microsc. Res. Tech. 63, 81–86 (2004).

[18] A. N. Bashkatov, E. A. Genina, V. V. Tuchin, “Optical properties of skin, subcutaneous, and muscle tissues: A review," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 4, 9–38 (2011).

[19] J. Binding, J. Ben Arous, J. F. Leger, S. Gigan, C. Boccara, L. Bourdieu, Brain refractive index measured in vivo with high-NA defocus-corrected full-field OCT and consequences for two-photon microscopy," Opt. Express 19, 4833–4847 (2011).

[20] P. A. Young, S. G. Clendenon, J. M. Byars, R. S. Decca, K. W. Dunn, “The effects of spherical aberration on multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy," J. Microsc. 242, 157–165 (2011).

[21] P. Torok, P. Varga, Z. Laczik, G. R. Booker, “Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between materials of mismatched refractive indices: An integral representation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 12, 325–332 (1995).