Fig. 1. Morphology of 316L stainless steel powder for laser selective melting of lattice structures
Fig. 2. Simple cubic lattice structures with different characteristic dimensions formed by laser selective melting. (a) Face thickness is 0.1 mm; (b) face thickness is 0.3 mm
Fig. 3. Four different lattice unit cell structures. (a) 1×1×1; (b) 2×2×2; (c) 4×4×4; (d) 8×8×8
Fig. 4. Filling schematic diagrams with different numbers of lattice structures. (a) 1×1×1; (b) 2×2×2; (c) 4×4×4; (d) 8×8×8
Fig. 5. Comparison of heat exchange structure. (a) Traditional plate-fin heat exchange structure; (b) lattice heat exchange structure
Fig. 6. Variation of heat exchange efficiency with lattice configuration and density
Fig. 7. Lattice unit cell structure with high heat exchange efficiency
Fig. 8. Lattice structure models with different densities. (a) 8 mm×8 mm×8 mm; (b) 5 mm×5 mm×5 mm; (c) 4 mm×4 mm×4 mm
Fig. 9. 316L stainless steel lattice structures formed by laser selective melting. (a) 8 mm×8 mm×8 mm; (b) 5 mm×5 mm×5 mm; (c) 4 mm×4 mm×4 mm
Fig. 10. CT 3D images of 316L stainless steel lattice structures formed by laser selective melting. (a) 8 mm×8 mm×8 mm; (b) 5 mm×5 mm×5 mm; (c) 4 mm×4 mm×4 mm
Item | Parameter |
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Scanning strategy | Layered rotary scanning (angle between the layers 67°) | Laser power /W | 285 | Scanning speed /(mm·min-1) | 960 | Spot diameter /mm | 0.08 | Thickness /mm | 0.04 | Scanning interval /mm | 0.1 |
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Table 1. Processing parameters of laser selective melting of 316L stainless steel lattice structures
Item | Parameter |
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Tube voltage /kV | 160 | Tube current /μA | 100 | Integral time /ms | 334 | Resolution ratio /μm | 10 |
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Table 2. CT scanning parameters of 316L stainless steel lattice structures
Item | Power property |
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Chemical component /% | Standard:GB/T 20878 grades and chemical composition of stainless steel and heat resistant steel | Element | Standard | Measured | Element | Standard | Measured | Fe | Bal. | Bal. | P | ≤0.045 | 0.0110 | Cr | 16~18 | 17.31 | S | ≤0.030 | 0.0070 | Ni | 10~14 | 11.31 | C | ≤0.030 | 0.0110 | Mo | 2~3 | 2.66 | O | / | 0.0560 | Mn | ≤2.0 | 1.51 | N | / | 0.0835 | Si | ≤1.0 | 0.62 | | / | / | Size distribution /μm | Standard:GB/T 19077 laser diffraction method | D10 | D50 | D90 | 21.8 | 32.7 | 48.8 | Degree of sphericity /% | Image method | 90.3 | Hall velocity /[s·(50 g)-1] | Standard:GB/T 1482 metallic powders-determination of fluidity | 18 | Apparent density /(g·cm-3) | Standard:GB/T 1479.1 funnel method | 4.18 | Tap density /(g·cm-3) | Standard:GB/T 5162 determination of tap density of metals | 4.76 | Morphology | Gray,dry,and no visible inclusions |
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Table 3. Properties of 316L stainless steel powder for laser selective melting of lattice structures
Lattice type | Characteristic dimensions |
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Single cell size | Bar diameter /mm | Face thickness /mm |
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Simple cubic | 10 mm×10 mm×10 mm | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
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Table 4. Size parameters of simple cubic lattice structures
Numbers of lattice structures | Heat exchange efficiency /(m2·m-3) |
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Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 |
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1×1×1 | 496.876 | 542.323 | 546.953 | 532.368 | 2×2×2 | 731.252 | 911.883 | 842.897 | 1030.399 | 4×4×4 | 1200.006 | 1694.732 | 1441.238 | 2025.871 | 8×8×8 | 2137.569 | 3297.603 | 2579.403 | 3991.598 |
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Table 5. Heat exchange efficiency of lattice structures with different configurations and densities
Material | Configuration | Heat exchange surface /mm2 |
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316L stainless steel | Configuration(1) | 5437 | Configuration(2) | 9120 | Configuration(3) | 11321 |
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Table 6. CT test results of heat exchange surface of 316L lattice structures
Material | Configuration | Simulation value /(m2·m-3) | CT test results /(m2·m-3) | Deviation /% |
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316L stainless steel | Configuration(1) | 669.800 | 679.600 | 1.5 | Configuration(2) | 1019.355 | 1140.000 | 11.8 | Configuration(3) | 1270.148 | 1415.125 | 11.4 |
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Table 7. Comparison of simulation values and CT test results of heat exchange efficiency of lattice structures