Lidar is able to provide atmospheric wind field data with high spatial-and-temporal resolution. To improve the observation precision of lidars on offshore buoys and other moving platforms, an inversion algorithm for the wind field in the marine atmospheric boundary layer based on a floating wind lidar system is investigated. With the data observed by the self-developed floating wind lidar system, the methods of correcting the attitude and radial velocity of the buoy platform, the velocity-azimuth display (VAD)-based inversion method for the wind field, and the data quality control method are employed to improve the accuracy of the inversion results of wind profiles. The results of the simultaneous observation experiments are compared with the inversion results of the wind profiles for verification. The comparison shows that the matching errors in the horizontal wind speed and wind direction are 0.3 m/s and 2.0°, respectively, and the coefficients of determination of the two factors are 0.986 and 0.996, respectively, indicating the accuracy of the proposed inversion algorithm for wind profiles based on floating lidar.