Fig. 1. Experimental setup and principle. (a) Schematic of experimental setup; (b) different penetration depths for different incident angles

Fig. 2. Flow chart of the algorithm

Fig. 3. Simulation results of cellular microtubule structures based on MA-TIRFM. (a) Simulated microtubule structures and reconstructed results; (b) accuracy corresponding to different depths at different incident angle numbers

Fig. 4. MA-TIRFM imaging of fixed microtubules. (a) Wide-field image of microtubules; (b) three-dimensional map reconstructed by traditional ADMM algorithm; (c) three-dimension map reconstructed by r-ADMM algorithm; (d) 40 nm axial resolution achieved by traditional ADMM algorithm [corresponding to red dot pointed by white arrow in (b)]; (e) 40 nm axial resolution achieved by r-ADMM algorithm [corresponding to red dot pointed by white arrow in (c)]; (f) images of microtubules at different depths reconst

Fig. 5. Comparison chart of residual error curves. (a) Residual error versus iterations for ADMM and r-ADMM algorithms; (b) residual error versus iterations for r-ADMM algorithm with different r values

Fig. 6. Dynamic process of active mitochondria. (a) Wide-field image and reconstructed map; (b) fission (red triangle) andfusion (blue triangle) events in dotted box in Fig. 6 (a) captured by MA-TIRFM image stacks for 2 s time interval

Table 1. Iterations and time for r-ADMM and traditional ADMM algorithms at different ρ values