Author Affiliations
1State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China2Shanghai Spaceflight Precision Machinery Institute, Shanghai 200240, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Ray angle diagram
Fig. 2. Relationship between nTv and observation of different materials. (a) Blue fabric; (b) brass; (c) specular white phenolic; (d) black obsidian
Fig. 3. Method framework
Fig. 4. Effects of elevation angle on the following factors. (a) Relative error of nTl; (b) overlapped region ratio; (c) condition number; (d) angular error of surface normal
Fig. 5. Rendered images of rabbit and ball model
Fig. 6. Comparison of normal vector recovery maps of four materials (from top to bottom: pvc, alum-bronze, ipswich-pine-221, color-changing-paint2)
Fig. 7. Comparison of four material normal vector angular errors (from top to bottom: pvc, alum-bronze, ipswich-pine-221, color-changing-paint2)
Fig. 8. Angular error of synthetic surface normal vector based on MERL dataset
Fig. 9. Device concept map
Fig. 10. Images of the copper bullet under four lights
Fig. 11. Bullet recovery normal map and bump map. (a) Recovery map of surface normal; (b) bump map
Dataset material | Ball | Rabbit |
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LS | CBR | Ours | LS | CBR | Ours |
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Pvc | 24.6 | 2.12 | 0.521 | 26.7 | 2.29 | 0.464 | Alum-bronze | 28.6 | 3.93 | 0.153 | 31.9 | 4.26 | 0.172 | Ipswich-pine-221 | 12.9 | 1.85 | 0.221 | 14.5 | 1.73 | 0.262 | Color-changing-paint2 | 9.89 | 1.51 | 0.613 | 11.6 | 1.58 | 0.573 | Mean angular error | 12.7 | 2.13 | 0.375 | 13.8 | 2.17 | 0.365 |
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Table 1. Angular errors of simulation(°)
Method | LS | CBR | Ours |
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Angular error /(°) | 31.6 | 28.4 | 6.91 | Computation time /s | 2.1 | 10 | 0.65 |
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Table 2. Angular errors and computation time of real experiments