Extreme high-speed laser cladding (EHLA) technology can break through the efficiency bottleneck of coating production and provide an effective way to prepare high-quality coatings. TiC/Inconel 625 composite coatings were prepared on 45 steel substrates using EHLA and conventional laser cladding (CLA) technologies, and the microstructure, phase composition, corrosion resistance, and friction and wear properties of the coatings were characterized. Results show that the microstructure of the two coatings exhibits the same growth pattern, from cellular or primary columnar crystal to equiaxed crystal. For the EHLA coating technology, a cladding speed of 98.2 m/min accelerates the cooling rate of the solidified microstructure, thereby refining the dendrite. The average particle size is less than 1 μm, contributing to the improvement of the corrosion resistance of the coating. The addition of TiC promotes the formation of interdendritic carbide, thereby playing the role of precipitation strengthening, and forming dense passivation on the coating surface. The friction coefficient of the EHLA coating technology is lower than that of the CLA coating technology, showing good friction and wear performance.