Author Affiliations
1Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China2State Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Diagnosis Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China3Couaborative innovation center of Extreme optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Picture of Model 6200 and Model 7200 streak tubes
Fig. 2. Long slit tube with high spatial and temporal resolution
Fig. 3. Inner structure of streak tube C11853-1
Fig. 4. Temporal resolution vs the amount of electrons
Fig. 5. Key detectors developed in XIOPM
Fig. 6. Picture of synchronization tube 9200
Fig. 7. Picture of X-ray femotosencond streak camera
Fig. 8. Partially commercialized streak cameras developed in XIOPM
Fig. 9. Pictures of streak cameras of Model 5200 and 2200 developed in XIOPM
Fig. 10. Pictures of X ray streak cameras of Model 4200 and 2200 at the experimental site
Fig. 11. Four representative opto-electronical structures of streak tube
Fig. 12. Frame diagram of intensifier gated framing camera
Fig. 13. Schematic diagram and picture of travelling wave gated framing camera
Fig. 14. Kentech’s engineering framing camera
Fig. 15. Large size gated X-ray framing camera at Los Alamos National Laboratory（LANL）
Fig. 16. (30%@80 mm) Improved of dynamic gain uniformity of framing camera
Fig. 17. Microstrip line of large frame framing camera and photos of engineering framing camera
Fig. 18. Structure diagram and schematic diagram of dilation X-ray imager（DIXI）
Fig. 19. Single line of sight（SLOS）of X-ray imaging system
Fig. 20. DIXI developed by Shenzhen University and its static resolution test
Fig. 21. Static spatial resolution information，indicated in the fourth component partition（corresponding to 20 lp/mm），and quasi-dynamic spatial resolution, indicated in the third component partition（corresponding to 14 lp/mm）
Fig. 22. Schematic diagram of scanning framing tube
[71-72] | effective working
area of cathode
| time resolution/ps | spatial resolution/(lp·mm−1)
| magnification | deflection sensitivity/(mm·kV-1)
| streak tube size | | ≥36 mm×6 mm | ≤5 | （center）18 mm：≥40
（sides）9 mm：≥10
| 0.8 | 38.9 | ϕ74 mm×370 mm |
|
Table 1. Main specifications of Model 6200-II streak tube
6200-II型条纹管主要性能指标
| No. | tube type | effective working area
of cathode
| static spatial resolution/（lp·mm−1）
| physical time
resolution/ps
| | # | 6200-II, Xi'an Institute of Optics and mechanics（CAS） | 36 mm×6 mm | ＞40 | ＜5 | | 1 | 6200 | 35 mm×5 mm | 40 | 50 | | 2 | ST-Y, Photek（United Kingdom） | 35 mm×5 mm | 40 | 50 | | 3 | P510/slit, Photonics（France） | 35 mm×4 mm | 10 | 5 | | 4 | PV 400, BIFO（Russia） | 35 mm×4 mm | 20 | 2 | | 5 | N3831, Hamamatsu（Japan） | 25 mm×15 mm | 35 | 10 | | 6 | Shenzhen University Long Slit Streak Tube | ϕ30 mm | 15 | 8 |
|
Table 2. Comparison of specifications between Model 6200-II streak tube and internationally similar long-slit streak tubes
6200-II型条纹管性能指标与国际类似长狭缝条纹管比较表
| model | gate
structure
| time
resolution/
ps
| spatial
resolution/
（lp·mm−1）
| brightness
gain
| cathode
size
| magnification | screen
area
| accelerating
voltage/
kV
| deflection
sensitivity/
（mm·kV−1）
| operating
mode
| similar
type
| | Notes:① Presently femtosecond cameras have only X-ray band response, and the brightness gain has not been measured; ② Similar to that by Jun Feng at the National Laboratory of the Livermore, USA and C6183 (FESCA-200) of Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan;③ Early worldwide universal inverted image type streak tubes, as those in the United States, Britain, Japan, France and Russia; ④ The same type as that commonly used in Shenzhen University and Research Center of Laser Fusion of CAEP; ⑤ The temporal resolution can be increased to about 10ps by adjusting the voltage of the image converter, but at the expense of degradatim the spatial resolution. | | 1200 | rect. hole | ≤0.5 | ≥40 | ① | ϕ6 mm | ～2.3 | ϕ40 mm | 15 | 23 | single | ② | | 2200 | grid | ≤5 | ≥30 | ～0.5 | ϕ17 mm | ～2.0 | ϕ40 mm | 0.76 | 60 | synchronize | ③ | | 3200 | rect. hole | ≤2 | ≥40 | ～1 | 15 mm×1 mm | ～2.3 | ϕ40 mm | 15 | 38 | single and repeat | Photonis P800 series | | 4200 | grid | ≤5 | ≥25 | ～3 | ϕ30 mm | 1.3 | ϕ40 mm | 15 | 45 | single | ④ | | 5200 | Grid | ≤5 | ≥30 | ～0.5 | ϕ17 mm | ～2.3 | ϕ40 mm | 0.76 | 60 | single and repeat | ⑤ | | 6200 | rect. hole | ≤30⑥ | ≥25 | ～10 | 35 mm×4 mm | 0.75 | ϕ40 mm | 15 | 22 | single | Photek ST-Y；Photonis P500 series；Bifo PV400 | | 7200 | rect. hole | ≤30⑥ | ≥25 | ～10 | 18 mm×2 mm | 0.75 | ϕ30 mm | 15 | 15 | single | Photek ST-X；Photonis P900 series | | 8200 | round hole | ≤30 | ≥25 | ～5 | ϕ25 mm | 1.0 | ϕ30 mm | 15 | 7 | single | Bifo PV201 | | 9200 | grid | ≤2 | ≥30 | ～0.5 | ϕ10 mm | 2.6 | ϕ40 mm | 0.7 | 120 | synchronize | Photek
Photron V
|
|
Table 3. Basic performance table of serialized streak tubes developed by XIOPM
中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所研制的系列化条纹相机基本性能表
| time resolution/ps | spatial resolution/(lp·mm) | number of frames | sensitive surface | synchronization accuracy/ps | | LLNL | 60 | 20 | 16 | 105 mm×105 mm | 20 | | XIOPM | 60 | 20 | 16 | 105 mm×105 mm | 20 |
|
Table 4. Comparison of framing camera parameters between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and XIOPM
利弗莫尔国家实验室和西安光机所分幅相机对比
| scanning framing imaging | time resolution
（time of exposure）/ps
| number of
frames
| camera operation
mode
| single
exposure
| | Notes：① Shiraga H，et al. Laser-imploded core structure observed by using two-dimensional x-ray imaging with 10-ps temporal resolution[J]. Rev. of Sci. Instrum. 1995，66：722-724. ② Heshmat B，et al. Single-shot ultrafast imaging using parallax-free alignment with a tilted lenslet array，CLEO Sci. Innov. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_SI.2014.STu3E.7（2014）. ③ Li Ji，Qu Junle，Niu Hanben. Sampling-image streak framing technique，2004，13（4）：461-466. ④ Velten A，et al. Recovering three-dimensional shape around a corner using ultrafast time-of-flight imaging [J]. Nature Commun. 2012，3，745. ⑤ Gao L，et al. Single-shot compressed ultrafast photography at one hundred billion frames per second [J]. Nature，2014，516：74-77 | | multi imaging X-ray scanning framing imaging technology① | 11.7 | ≥15 | single scanning | yes | | Single exposure ultrafast imaging technology with non-parallax tilt lens array② | 2 | 512 | single scanning | yes | | sampling imaging scanning framing technology③ | 2 | | single scanning | yes | | rotating mirror assisted femtosecond photography④ | 1.71 | ≤480 | synchronous scanning | no | | compression sensing imaging⑤ | 35 | ≤350 | single scanning | yes |
|
Table 5. Basic parameters of two-dimensional ultrafast imaging technology based on streak camera
基于条纹相机的二维超快成像技术及其基本参数表
| No. | country | manufactor | design of
streak tube
| photocathode of streak tube | streak
camera
| remarks | | X-ray | solar
blind
ultraviolet
| visible（muti
alkali）
| infrared | | non-transfer | transfer | S1（Ag-
O-Cs）
| InGaAs/lnP/
Ag（Au）
| single | repeated | synchron-ized | | 1 | Japan | Hamamatsu | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | 2 | Russia | VNIIOFI（Bifo） | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | 3 | GPI | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | 4 | France | Photonis | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | 5 | Germany | Optronis | | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | 6 | UK | Photek | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | 7 | Kentech | √ | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | Canada | AXIS | | √ | | | | | | | √ | | | | 9 | USA | Cordin | √ | √ | | √ | √ | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | 10 | LLNL | √ | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | 11 | Sydor | | | | | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | 12 | China | XIOPM | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | √ | √ | √ | | | 13 | Shenzhen University | √ | √ | | √ | | | | √ | √ | √ | | | 14 | CETC55 | | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | | | 15 | NNVT | | √ | √ | √ | √ | | | | | | | | 16 | Institute of Fluid Physics, CAEP | | √ | | | | | | √ | | | | | 17 | Laser fusion research center, CAEP | | √ | | | | | | √ | | | |
|
Table 6. Capabicity of developing streak tube/camera of the manufactors on the world
国内外条纹管/条纹相机整机研制情况一览表
