
- Chinese Optics Letters
- Vol. 20, Issue 10, 100004 (2022)
Abstract
1. Introduction
Chirality is a fundamental property in nature. It manifests in various physical, chemical, and biological processes[1,2]. Chiral molecules do not have a symmetry plane and exist in pairs of left- and right-handed enantiomers. Chiral molecules show strong enantiomeric selectivity[3–5]. Therefore, it is vital to identify the molecular chirality. One of the standard optical methods for chirality detection is the circular dichroism (CD) absorption spectroscopy[6], which is manifested by the difference in absorption between left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light. Other available techniques include circular fluorescence[7] or Raman scattering[8]. However, these techniques rely on the interactions involving both the electric and magnetic components of the light field. Because the magnetic effects are weak, it makes poor chiral responses. One way around this restriction is to employ techniques that do not rely on magnetic interaction, but solely rely on electric–dipole interactions, such as Coulomb explosion imaging[9,10], microwave three-wave mixing spectroscopy[11,12], and photoelectron CD (PECD)[13–15].
In recent years, high harmonic generation (HHG) has been shown to offer an alternative approach. HHG is based on the interaction between the intense laser pulse and the medium[16–21]. It naturally offers ultrafast sub-femtosecond temporal resolution[22–26] and an all-optical detection scheme. The initial works are based on electric–magnetic interaction and still generate weak chiral signals leading to low sensitivity[27–30]. For example, the first experiment, to the best of our knowledge, only acquired 2%–3% chiral signal[27,28]. Very recently, chiral spectroscopy methods based on dynamical symmetry (DS) breaking in HHG[31–35] have been proposed. This group of methods is based only on electric components of light and shows strong chiral signals and high enantio-sensitivity. However, nearly all of them depend on the non-collinear superposition of multi-color beams, which requires a highly stable coincidence of beams in time and space in the experiment.
In this work, we show that an intense linearly polarized single-color beam can yield strong chiral signals in the high harmonic spectrum. The linearly polarized single-color beam is focused by a lens and a prism, which will generate the field being elliptically polarized in the plane of propagation, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Compared to non-collinear schemes[31–35], this scheme suggests a simpler experimental setup. Through symmetry analysis in HHG and numerical calculations by three-dimensional time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we show that chiral and achiral signals in HHG are completely separated in frequency, leading to background-free and highly sensitive chirality detection. Furthermore, analysis of far-field propagation shows that the chiral signals retain in the far field. Through out this Letter, atomic units (a.u.) are used, lowercase
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Figure 1.(a) Top panel: schematic of the experimental setup. Capital X, Y, Z denote the macroscopic coordinate, and lowercase x, y, z denote the microscopic coordinate. Lower panel: the intensity distribution of the laser beam near the focus calculated in COMSOL, where yellow represents higher intensity. (b) The red thick circles with arrows show the Lissajou figures and rotation directions of the laser fields at different macroscopic points along the X direction near the focus. Blue dashed line represents the center of the beam. Meanwhile, the phases of the x and z components of the laser at different macroscopic points along the X direction are shown as the purple and orange lines, respectively, corresponding to the top axis. (c) Macroscopic schematic of the symmetry
2. Theoretical Model
HHG records the ultrafast electronic response of matter to light. As the laser wavelength is much larger than the molecular dimensions, any spatial dependence of the field is neglected in HHG. In the vicinity of a macroscopic point
From the time-dependent Schrödinger equation at
For a randomly oriented molecular ensemble in the vicinity of
This dipole moment corresponds to the effective Hamiltonian for the orientation-averaged ensemble:
From the second derivative and Fourier transform of the dipole moment, the harmonic spectrum is obtained:
As it is difficult to solve the multi-electron Schrödinger equation in Eq. (1), three-dimensional TDDFT is adopted to numerically simulate the real-time response of the molecule to laser field and calculate
3. Results and Discussions
We simulate the field of one Gaussian beam that propagates along the
It is shown that the electric field near the focus is elliptically polarized in the
Macroscopically, for a pair of points
To analyze the selection rule of HHG associated with the symmetry of the system, we consider the Hamiltonian is periodic in
Following the proofs in Ref. [36], once the Hamiltonian exhibits a DS
The DS of the Hamiltonian in Eq. (5) mainly depends on the electric field and the structural feature of the media. The significant difference between chiral and achiral randomly oriented ensembles is that any oriented molecule can find its mirror symmetric molecule in the achiral ensemble, but not in the chiral ensemble. Thus, the achiral ensemble possesses mirror symmetry, while the chiral ensemble does not. Apart from that, both of them satisfy rotational symmetry to revolve around an arbitrary axis by arbitrary degrees.
Let us firstly consider the light–matter interaction located at a macroscopic point
For
From Eq. (9), one obtains
Equation (10) leads to the selection rules where odd harmonics are
With similar analysis, one will conclude that, under the
As a demonstration, we numerically calculated the high harmonic response of randomly orientated chiral molecules CHFClBr driven by the strong laser field at an example macroscopic point
Figure 2 shows the HHG spectra from left-handed and racemic CHFClBr ensembles. Consistent with the symmetry analysis,
Figure 2.Numerically calculated normalized intensity of (a) x-polarized and (b) y-polarized HHG emissions from the chiral and racemic ensembles based on TDDFT. For the chiral ensemble, only odd harmonics have x-polarized components, and only even harmonics have y-polarized components. But, for the racemic ensemble, there is no y-polarized harmonic emission, and the x-polarized harmonic orders are still odd. The detailed parameters are given in the Letter.
Note that, since this scheme is based on the DS breaking in HHG, it is valid not only for a certain molecule or some specific parameters of the lens and prism. As long as the combination of the lens and prism induces a focused region, as shown in Fig. 1, the background-free chiral signals, i.e., even harmonics, can be generated from chiral ensembles without mirror symmetry driven by such a structured beam. Nevertheless, the intensity of the chiral signals may differ in different chiral molecules. This implies that one can detect the changes in structural chirality of a chiral molecule and the absolute value of the enantiomeric excess in mixtures of left- and right-handed molecules according to the intensity of the chiral signals.
In experiments, the signal that one detects is not the emission located in the near field, but the far-field superposition of the harmonics emitted at different macroscopic points in the interaction region between the medium and the laser. Thus, it is necessary to invesigate the relation between the HHG emissions at different macroscopic points.
As discussed above,
Hence, for HHG emissions from
Figure 3.Numerically calculated phase of (a) y- and (b) x-polarized harmonics at (±X0
Let us then consider the superposition of the harmonics emitted from these two points in the far field. The electric field at a distance Z along the direction of light propagation is given by a standard Huygens–Fresnel integral[49]:
Figure 4 shows the far-field superposition of different order harmonic emissions from
Figure 4.Superposition of HHG spectra from (a) chiral ensemble and (b) racemic ensemble at (−X0, 0, 0) and (X0, 0, 0) in the far field. The maximum values are normalized to one for each harmonic.
The experimental setup can be similar to normal HHG setups for a gaseous medium[27,29,30]. However, since the samples of chiral molecules are generally liquid or solid at room temperature, one has to vaporize the samples. A continuous flow of helium carrier gas should then pass through the samples to deliver the vapor to the nozzle in the chamber of the HHG setup. In order to prevent re-condensation during the delivery, the pipes of the delivery manifold and the nozzle should be kept at a high temperature. Besides, the samples could re-condense in the chamber, and thus special attention should be paid to prevent contamination of the chamber and the detector.
4. Conclusion
In summary, we propose and demonstrate a linearly polarized single-color beam passing through a lens, and a prism can yield strong chiral signals in HHG. Since the chiral and achiral signals are completely separated in frequency, the chiral signals are background-free. Without requirement for space–time stabilization between the non-collinear multi-color lasers, our approach offers a simple and compact all-optical experimental setup. This technique opens new opportunities for quantitative detection of chirality and ultrafast chiral dynamics with ultrahigh sensitivity and temporal resolution.
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