CO2 capture technology is an important way to deal with global climate change and mitigate the greenhouse effect. The preparation of efficient CaO-based CO2 capture materials from calcium-containing solid wastes is conducive to the realization of high-value utilization of solid wastes, waste treatment and clean production, which has important environmental benefits, economic benefits, and social benefits. Based on the good application prospects of efficient and cheap CaO-based CO2 capture materials from solid wastes, the production and resource utilization of industrial waste residues, biomass and other calcium-containing solid wastes were introduced in this paper. The capture principle, carbonation kinetic process and CO2 capture performance of CaO-based adsorbents were summarized. The adsorption-desorption cycle performance of CaO-based adsorbents prepared with different calcium-containing solid wastes as precursors and the influences of different modification methods on the adsorption stability of CaO-based adsorbents were compared. The potential applications of CaO-based adsorbents from solid waste in steel plants, coal-fired power plants and bio-hydrogen production were analyzed from an economic point of view. The application prospect and development direction of CaO-based CO2 capture materials from solid wastes were prospected. The purpose of this paper is to provide help for the selection of CaO-based adsorbent precursor from solid wastes, the improvement of adsorption performance and the industrial application of solid waste adsorbents.