Author Affiliations
1Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China2Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300222, China3School of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Flow chart of adaptive threshold registration method
Fig. 2. Schematic of binocular stereo vision
Fig. 3. Picture of face point cloud collection system
Fig. 4. Calculation diagram of fast point feature histogram (FPFH)
Fig. 5. Head model
Fig. 6. Target balls and their labels
Fig. 7. Three-dimensional reconstruction result of CT images. (a) Point cloud of face;(b) point cloud of target balls
Fig. 8. Point clouds of face in CT and world coordinate system. (a) CT point cloud; (b) point cloud 0; (c) point cloud 1; (d) point cloud 2; (e) point cloud 3
Fig. 9. Point clouds of face after downsampling. (a) CT point cloud; (b) point cloud 0; (c) point cloud 1; (d) point cloud 2; (e) point cloud 3
Fig. 10. Residual distributions of coarse registration. (a) No deformation; (b) deformation 1; (c) deformation 2; (d) deformation 3
Fig. 11. Counts of each points excluded. (a) No deformation; (b) deformation 1; (c) deformation 2; (d) deformation 3
Fig. 12. Residual distribution of fine registration of general ICP method. (a) No deformation; (b) deformation 1;
Fig. 13. Residual distribution of fine registration of our method. (a) No deformation; (b) deformation 1; (c) deformation 2; (d) deformation 3
Fig. 14. Box plot of mean registration error of two methods
Condition | Tx/mm | Ty/mm | Tz/mm |
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No deformation | -161.94 to -148.02 | -621.58 to -614.03 | -13.27 to 6.82 | Deformation 1 | -162.86 to -146.08 | -621.93 to -612.69 | -25.51 to 15.32 | Deformation 2 | -174.79 to -134.04 | -627.82 to -607.69 | -16.04 to 9.02 | Deformation 3 | -158.32 to -136.13 | -644.67 to -635.54 | -93.69 to -65.00 |
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Table 1. Transformation parameter range of coarse registration
Target label | Error /mm |
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No deformation | Deformation 1 | Deformation 2 | Deformation 3 |
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1 | 0.75±0.05 | 0.34±0.12 | 0.33±0.10 | 0.67±0.16 | 2 | 0.60±0.04 | 0.37±0.11 | 0.25±0.04 | 0.56±0.20 | 3 | 0.67±0.03 | 0.32±0.08 | 0.29±0.06 | 0.61±0.13 | 4 | 0.58±0.03 | 0.44±0.06 | 0.23±0.03 | 0.63±0.17 | 5 | 0.54±0.03 | 0.34±0.07 | 0.28±0.04 | 0.51±0.18 | 6 | 0.45±0.03 | 0.35±0.05 | 0.23±0.05 | 0.50±0.17 | 7 | 0.68±0.03 | 0.32±0.06 | 0.19±0.03 | 0.71±0.10 | 8 | 0.53±0.04 | 0.25±0.08 | 0.27±0.04 | 0.64±0.13 | 11 | 0.57±0.05 | 0.37±0.12 | 0.29±0.06 | 0.65±0.15 | 12 | 0.43±0.06 | 0.32±0.13 | 0.35±0.08 | 0.60±0.14 | 13 | 0.40±0.05 | 0.27±0.07 | 0.24±0.09 | 0.57±0.11 | 14 | 0.52±0.07 | 0.29±0.14 | 0.26±0.06 | 0.26±0.20 | 15 | 0.48±0.07 | 0.42±0.17 | 0.41±0.07 | 0.38±0.14 | Mean value | 0.55±0.05 | 0.34±0.10 | 0.28±0.06 | 0.56±0.15 |
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Table 2. Target registration error of our method
Target label | Error /mm |
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No deformation | Deformation 1 | Deformation 2 | Deformation 3 |
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1 | 0.74±0.05 | 1.81±0.05 | 2.64±0.05 | 0.96±0.11 | 2 | 0.60±0.04 | 1.66±0.05 | 2.41±0.05 | 0.56±0.14 | 3 | 0.67±0.03 | 1.97±0.04 | 3.02±0.03 | 0.95±0.24 | 4 | 0.57±0.03 | 1.83±0.04 | 2.65±0.03 | 0.66±0.07 | 5 | 0.53±0.03 | 1.65±0.04 | 2.43±0.03 | 0.65±0.08 | 6 | 0.45±0.03 | 1.58±0.04 | 2.22±0.03 | 0.64±0.11 | 7 | 0.68±0.03 | 2.06±0.03 | 2.98±0.03 | 1.13±0.21 | 8 | 0.53±0.03 | 1.89±0.03 | 2.68±0.03 | 0.84±0.15 | 11 | 0.57±0.04 | 1.87±0.03 | 2.67±0.04 | 1.09±0.07 | 12 | 0.41±0.05 | 1.72±0.04 | 2.53±0.04 | 1.16±0.10 | 13 | 0.39±0.04 | 1.77±0.05 | 2.17±0.05 | 1.15±0.09 | 14 | 0.50±0.06 | 1.96±0.08 | 2.76±0.06 | 1.71±0.08 | 15 | 0.47±0.06 | 1.77±0.07 | 2.55±0.06 | 1.64±0.09 | Mean value | 0.55±0.04 | 1.81±0.05 | 2.59±0.04 | 1.01±0.12 |
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Table 3. Target registration error of general ICP method