The black soil, albic soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil in Northeast China were selected as research objects, and their mineral characteristics were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that the mineral atlas of test soils were of montmorillonite type. Quartz was the main component of clay minerals in the four soils. Montmorillonite and high mountain stone had higher amounts in black soil and albic soil, and mica and high mountain stone were more in brown soil and cinnamon soil. Generally, the surface of mineral particles in black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil seems to be of laminarization with significant un-uniformity, and compared with black soil, brown soil and cinnamon soil had more smooth surface. In contrast, the mineral particles in albic soil had distinct profile and smooth surface with some interstice. It was indicated that the components and characteristics of soil clay minerals could be analyzed by soil spectroscopy, and the related information to be obtained could be accurate and available.