In this work, a high-precision, high-stability refrigeration system for a scientific-grade bare CCD detector was developed to reduce the thermal noise and dark current of the detectors. A temperature control method for the detector comprising a low-temperature circulator and a thin-film electric heater was proposed, which could reduce the influence of the test light source and environmental temperature change on device performance. Experiment results reveal that the cooling rate of the refrigeration system is less than 0.6 ℃/min and the temperature control accuracy is better than ±0.08 ℃. The refrigeration system was applied to the electro-optical performance test of an array detector for a directional polarimetric camera (DPC). The results revealed that the working temperature increased by 6.5 ℃, the dark current increased approximately 1-fold, and the dark current at 20 ℃ was approximately 6.93 times that at 0 ℃. The quantum efficiency in the near-infrared band was considerably affected by temperature. The change rates of temperature-induced quantum efficiency in the working range of 0--15 ℃ at the 810- and 900-nm bands are 0.2993% ℃ ^-1 and 0.4575% ℃ ^-1, respectively. The study of the temperature characteristics of the detector dark current and spectral responsivity provides a basis for the temperature correction of the in-orbit radiation calibration of the DPC.