Fig. 1. (a) Calculated PMD for Ar, which is obtained with the simpleman model. The inset shows the sketch of the EP laser field. The wavelength is 800 nm, the ellipticity is 0.7, and the laser intensity is $3\times {10}^{14}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$. (b) The calculated PMD with parameters identical to those of (a) except for the artificially introduced 100 as tunneling time delay. The inset picture is the corresponding photoelectron angular distribution. (c) Wavelength dependence of the offset angle calculated with the simpleman model, including the tunneling delay times of 50, 100, and 150 as, respectively. (d) The wavelength dependence of temporal offset $\mathrm{\Delta }t$, which is extracted from the data in (c). See text for details.

Fig. 2. Calculated photoelectron angular distributions for Ar subject to an EP laser field with ellipticity of $\epsilon =0.7$, based on the simpleman [(a) and (b)] and the semiclassical methods [(c) and (d)]. The tunneling delays are 0 as [(a) and (c)] and 50 as [(b) and (d)], respectively. The laser wavelength is 800 nm. The red lines indicate the angular distributions of photoelectron tunneling around the peak of the electric field envelope with a small interval of [3T-0.1 a.u., 3T+0.1 a.u.].

Fig. 3. (a) PMD for Ar calculated with the semiclassical model. The laser parameters are identical to those of Fig. 1(a). (b) Wavelength dependence of temporal offset extracted from the semiclassical calculations for Ar with the tunneling delay times of 0, 50, 100, and 150 as, respectively. (c) Wavelength dependence of the offset angle calculated with semiclassical model for both Ne and Ar, where no tunneling delay is included. (d) The corresponding wavelength dependence of the temporal offsets extracted from the data of Fig. 3(c) and their exponential fits. The difference between the fits for Ar and Ne is also shown in (d). See text for details.

Fig. 4. Wavelength dependence of the ratios of TOCP of Ne, Ar, and Kr over that of H. The semiclassical calculation results are presented with symbols, and the horizontal line fit is shown with dashed lines. The ionization potential dependence of the ratio for each atom is depicted in the inset, where the semiclassical calculation (SC) result extracted by the fit procedure is shown with red open squares, and the function of ${(2I_p)}^{-3/2}$ is given with a black solid line.