Author Affiliations
1School of Software, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao 125105, Liaoning , China2School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang , Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Overall flow of the proposed method
Fig. 2. Structure diagram of residual element
Fig. 3. Model structure of depth residual network
Fig. 4. Indian Pines dataset. (a) False color image;(b) real ground data
Fig. 5. Pavia University dataset. (a) False color image;(b) real ground data
Fig. 6. Classification accuracy of different dropout values. (a) Indian Pines; (b) Pavia University
Fig. 7. Loss function and overall classification accuracy of different epoch values. (a) Indian Pines; (b) Pavia University
Fig. 8. Classification accuracy of different values. (a) Indian Pines; (b) Pavia University
Fig. 9. Overall classification accuracy of different values and values. (a) Indian Pines; (b) Pavia University
Fig. 10. Classification results of different algorithms in Indian Pines dataset
Fig. 11. Partial enlargement comparison of classification results of Indian Pines dataset
Fig. 12. Classification results of different algorithms in Pavia University dataset
Fig. 13. Partial enlargement comparison of classification results of Pavia University dataset
Input layer | Layer | Feature map size | Params |
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Total number of parameters | 1276592 | | Input | 9,9,3 | 0 | Input | C1 | 7,7,16 | 448 | C1 | C2 | 7,7,32 | 4640 | C2 | C3 | 7,7,32 | 9248 | C1 | R1 | 7,7,32 | 4640 | C3、R1 | Add1 | 7,7,32 | 0 | Add1 | Activation1 | 7,7,32 | 0 | Activation1 | C4 | 7,7,64 | 18496 | C4 | C5 | 7,7,64 | 36928 | C1 | R2 | 7,7,64 | 9280 | Activation1 | R4 | 7,7,64 | 18496 | C5、R2、R4 | Add2 | 7,7,64 | 0 | Add2 | Activation2 | 7,7,64 | 0 | Activation2 | C6 | 7,7,128 | 73856 | C6 | C7 | 7,7,128 | 147584 | C1 | R3 | 7,7,128 | 18560 | Add1 | R5 | 7,7,128 | 36992 | Add2 | R6 | 7,7,128 | 73856 | C7、R3、R5、R6 | Add3 | 7,7,128 | 0 | Add3 | Activation3 | 7,7,128 | 0 | Activation3 | P1 | 5,5,128 | 0 | P1 | Flatten1 | 3200 | 0 | Flatten1 | FC | 256 | 819456 | FC | Dropout | 256 | 0 | Dropout | Softmax | 16 | 4112 |
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Table 1. Feature map size and parameter quantities of depth residual network
Number of convolution kernels | Indian Pines | | Pavia University |
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OA /% | Kappa /% | | OA /% | Kappa /% |
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8 | 88.54 | 86.94 | | 90.34 | 88.92 | 16 | 92.16 | 91.06 | | 92.53 | 91.57 | 32 | 91.29 | 90.08 | | 93.53 | 92.98 | 64 | 90.75 | 89.62 | | 91.01 | 89.92 |
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Table 2. Classification accuracy corresponding to different numbers of convolution kernels
Class | SP-SVM | 2DCNN | Res-3DCNN | S2FEF-CNN | LBP-1DCNN | Res-2DCNN | JBF-2DCNN | JBF-Res- 2DCNN |
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Alfalfa | 60.86 | 81.81 | 71.42 | 82.60 | 88.37 | 100.00 | 97.43 | 100.00 | Corn-notill | 76.43 | 78.35 | 91.25 | 90.98 | 94.88 | 98.40 | 98.75 | 96.87 | Corn-min | 72.89 | 84.26 | 89.79 | 92.65 | 95.29 | 95.04 | 96.58 | 97.36 | Corn | 57.56 | 64.95 | 82.43 | 89.04 | 89.37 | 91.54 | 98.03 | 100.00 | Grass/pasture | 90.11 | 90.42 | 92.80 | 91.87 | 92.93 | 98.57 | 95.55 | 99.08 | Grass/trees | 87.84 | 94.94 | 93.40 | 98.94 | 99.24 | 96.60 | 99.84 | 100.00 | Grass-mowed | 87.50 | 100.00 | 88.00 | 77.41 | 75.00 | 90.00 | 96.00 | 100.00 | Hay-windrowed | 93.18 | 96.57 | 94.05 | 99.53 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | Oats | 50.00 | 87.50 | 90.90 | 50.00 | 52.17 | 43.47 | 87.50 | 90.00 | Soybeans-notill | 75.08 | 79.77 | 88.53 | 91.06 | 93.20 | 93.87 | 96.50 | 98.06 | Soybeans-min | 78.52 | 81.88 | 94.96 | 94.57 | 96.76 | 97.47 | 96.39 | 99.77 | Soybeans-clean | 83.40 | 81.97 | 88.69 | 91.49 | 92.91 | 96.24 | 97.70 | 97.55 | Wheat | 97.29 | 94.32 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | Woods | 93.11 | 93.37 | 98.57 | 99.29 | 99.11 | 98.94 | 99.38 | 99.91 | Bldg-grass-drives | 77.94 | 75.95 | 89.94 | 93.87 | 94.66 | 96.50 | 95.22 | 99.71 | Stone-steel-towes | 98.57 | 100.00 | 98.61 | 96.92 | 95.52 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | OA | 81.56 | 84.71 | 92.78 | 94.17 | 95.83 | 96.92 | 97.62 | 98.87 | AA | 80.02 | 86.63 | 90.83 | 90.01 | 91.21 | 93.54 | 97.18 | 98.64 | Kappa | 78.90 | 82.53 | 91.77 | 93.35 | 95.25 | 96.60 | 97.28 | 98.71 |
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Table 3. Classification results of different algorithms in the Indian Pines dataset
Class | SP-SVM | 2DCNN | Res-3DCNN | S2FEF-CNN | LBP-1DCNN | Res-2DCNN | JBF-2DCNN | JBF-Res-2DCNN |
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Asphalt | 81.44 | 89.37 | 93.31 | 95.09 | 96.08 | 97.95 | 98.20 | 99.38 | Meadows | 90.26 | 91.67 | 95.12 | 97.83 | 99.23 | 98.36 | 99.78 | 99.92 | Gravel | 82.63 | 83.31 | 80.16 | 93.27 | 94.96 | 91.80 | 92.18 | 96.32 | Trees | 95.65 | 96.74 | 99.91 | 99.24 | 97.74 | 98.18 | 96.78 | 99.45 | Painted metalsheets | 99.15 | 99.15 | 91.76 | 99.23 | 100.00 | 97.09 | 100.00 | 98.02 | Bare soil | 94.11 | 94.23 | 95.08 | 97.74 | 97.41 | 95.74 | 99.59 | 100.00 | Bitumen | 94.77 | 87.69 | 83.94 | 83.96 | 85.22 | 98.73 | 95.30 | 98.84 | Self-blocking bricks | 79.26 | 80.90 | 86.07 | 86.52 | 88.15 | 90.23 | 93.54 | 97.67 | Shadows | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | OA | 88.58 | 90.86 | 93.28 | 95.85 | 96.78 | 97.14 | 98.26 | 99.35 | AA | 90.81 | 91.45 | 91.71 | 94.76 | 95.42 | 95.96 | 97.26 | 98.84 | Kappa | 84.53 | 87.69 | 91.01 | 94.48 | 95.73 | 96.48 | 97.69 | 99.13 |
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Table 4. Classification results of different algorithms in Pavia University dataset
Dataset | Parameter | Algorithm |
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SP-SVM | Res-3DCNN | S2FEF-CNN | LBP-1DCNN | JBF-Res-2DCNN |
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Indian Pines | Training time | 18.64 | 1507.28 | 1430.21 | 890.49 | 1293.52 | Test time | 0.75 | 5.06 | 3.91 | 2.78 | 3.04 | Pavia University | Training time | 10.31 | 1002.79 | 921.52 | 629.46 | 862.95 | Test time | 1.42 | 8.35 | 7.28 | 5.05 | 5.93 |
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Table 5. Training time and test time of different algorithms