Rapid identification and detection of gases is a major problem that needs to be solved urgently by researches from worldwide. With the development of optical technology, optical gas detection technology has attracted great attention due to its remarkable advantages of high efficiency, multi-component detection ability and high sensitivity. In this paper, the theoretical foundation of optical gas detection technology is first introduced. Then the working principles and applications of various optical detection technologies for typical gases according to active and passive detection are reviewed. Using these gas detection technologies, dozens of gases have been continuously monitored at long distance with high sensitivity. The measurements of gas composition, concentration, temperature and other parameters in a variety of scenarios are realized, which effectively reduces the occurrence of dangerous accidents. By summarizing and analyzing the technical problems that still exist in the current optical gas detection technology, the future development trend is prospected.