Fig. 1. (a)Model of half circuit of the ILFM,(b)the corresponding phasor diagram
Fig. 2. Impedance magnitude(a)and phase(b)of the second-order resonator
Fig. 3. Conventional injection-locked frequency tripler
Fig. 4. Proposed ILFT
Fig. 5. Second harmonic generation
Fig. 6. Waveform at the common source node of the injectors
Fig. 7. (a)Transient current waveform at the drains of the injectors, the currents at the drain nodes of the conventional tripler(b)and the proposed tripler(c)
Fig. 8. The locking ranges corresponding to the two types of injection structure
Fig. 9. The transformer-based fourth-order tank
Fig. 10. Dimension of the transformer in the resonator
Fig. 11. Inductance and coupling coefficient of the transformer in the resonator
Fig. 12. Impedance magnitude(a)and phase(b)of the second-order and fourth-order resonator
Fig. 13. Layout of the proposed ILFT
Fig. 14. Spectrum at 7.8 GHz input frequency
Fig. 15. Sensitivity curve
Fig. 16. Single-ended output amplitude and power
Fig. 17. Harmonic rejection ratios(HRRs)
器件 | 参数 |
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- | 16 um/ 60 nm | , | 12 um/ 60 nm | , | 10 um/ 60 nm | | 0.87 | | 0.39 | , | 1.3 nH | , | 605 pH | , | 536 pH | , | 9 fF | , | 90 fF |
|
Table 1. Design Parameters
三倍频 | 本文* | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] | [12]B | [13] | [14] | [20] |
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A:带有频率调谐,B:二倍频,C:核心面积,D:差分模式 | 谐振器 类型 | 4阶 | 2阶 | 2阶 | 2阶 | 2阶 | 4阶 | 9阶 | 4阶 | - | 输出频率 [GHz] | 23 | 60 | 90 | 46.1 | 22 | 81.9 | 33 | 41.1 | 19.5 | 电源电压 [V] | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1 | 1.2 | | | 功耗[mW] | 15.2 | 1.86 | 5.2 | - | 9.22 | 10.5 | 14.8 | 16.8 | 18.8 | 注入功率 [dBm] | 0 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3.1-4 | 0 | - | 3 | 输出功率 [dBm] | >-2D | -5.38 | -3.8 | - | -2.88 | -5.96 | >-50 | 0.88D | - | 锁定范围 [GHz]/[%] | 19.2-27.6 /35.9 | 59.30-60.72 /2.4 | 85-95.2A /11.3 | 42.75-49.5A /14.6 | 21.38-23.37A /8.89 | 69.2-81.9A /31 | 22.8-43.2 /62% | 33.9-48.2 /34.8 | 18-21.9 /19.5 | 工艺 | 65 nm CMOS | 130 nm CMOS | 65 nm CMOS | 65 nm CMOS | 180 nm CMOS | 65 | 65 nm CMOS | 65 nm CMOS | 180 nm CMOS | 面积[mm2] | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.09C | - | 0.55 | 0.16C | 0.47 | - | 1.34 |
|
Table 2. Performance summary and comparison