Black phosphorus as a versatile nanoplatform:From unique properties to biomedical applications

Sha Xiong; Xiaojia Chen; Yao Liu; Taojian Fan; Qi Wang; Han Zhang; Tongkai Chen

doi:10.1142/s1793545820300086

[1] H.-D. Wang, D. K. Sang, Z.-N. Guo, R. Cao, J.-L. Zhao, M. N. U. Shah, T.-J. Fan, D.-Y. Fan, H. Zhang, "Black phosphorus-based field effect transistor devices for Ag ions detection," Chin. Phys. B 27, 087308 (2018).

[2] Z. Ye, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, L. Miao, S. T. Han, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, Z. Han, Z. Peng, "Recent advancement in black phosphorus-based photonics, electronics, sensors and energy devices," Mater. Horiz. 4, 997–1019 (2017).

[3] Y. Xu, W. Wang, Y. Ge, H. Guo, Z. Han, "Stabilization of black phosphorous quantum dots in PMMA nanofiber film and broadband nonlinear optics and ultrafast photonics application," Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702437 (2017).

[4] L. Kou, C. Chen, S. C. Smith, "Phosphorene: Fabrication, properties, and applications," J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 2794–2805 (2015).

[5] Q. Wei, X. Peng, "Superior mechanical flexibility of phosphorene and few-layer black phosphorus," Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 251915 (2014).

[6] S. Lan, S. Rodrigues, L. Kang, W. Cai, "Visualizing optical phase anisotropy in black phosphorus," ACS Photon. 3, 1176–1181 (2016).

[7] Y. Xu, X. Jiang, Y. Ge, Z. Guo, D. Fan, "Size-dependent nonlinear optical properties of black phosphorus nanosheets and its applications in ultrafast photonics," J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 3007–3013 (2017).

[8] X. Ren, Z. Li, Z. Huang, D. Sang, H. Qiao, X. Qi, J. Li, J. Zhong, H. Zhang, "Environmentally robust black phosphorus nanosheets in solution: Application for self-powered photodetector," Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1606834 (2017).

[9] J. Du, M. Zhang, Z. Guo, J. Chen, X. Zhu, G. Hu, P. Peng, Z. Zheng, H. Zhang, "Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers," Sci. Rep. 7, 42357 (2017).

[10] R. Fei, A. Faghaninia, R. Soklaski, J. A. Yan, C. Lo, L. Yang, "Enhanced thermoelectric efficiency via orthogonal electrical and thermal conductances in phosphorene," Nano Lett. 14, 6393–6399 (2014).

[11] Y. Xu, Y. Jian, Z. Kai, H. Yuan, S. Qiu, Y. Yao, S. Li, Q. Bao, Z. Han, Y. Zhang, "Field-induced n-doping of black phosphorus for CMOS compatible 2D logic electronics with high electron mobility," Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1702211 (2017).

[12] Z. Guo, S. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, F. Liu, Y. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Yi, H. Zhang, L. Liao, "Metal-ionmodi fied black phosphorus with enhanced stability and transistor performance," Adv. Mater. 29, 1703811 (2017).

[13] X. Chen, G. Xu, X. Ren, Z. Li, Q. Xiang, H. Kai, Z. Han, Z. Huang, J. X. Zhong, "Black/red phosphorus hybrid as an electrode material for highperformance Li-ion battery and supercapacitor," J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 6581–6588 (2017).

[14] A. Chaves, W. Ji, J. Maassen, T. Dumitric?, T. Low, P. Avouris, T. F. Heinz, T. Low, "Theoretical overview of black phosphorus," 381–412 (2017) https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05808.

[15] Z. C. Luo, M. Liu, Z. N. Guo, X. F. Jiang, A. P. Luo, C. J. Zhao, X. F. Yu, W. C. Xu, H. Zhang, "Microfiber-based few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultra-fast fiber laser," Opt. Express 23, 20030–20039 (2015).

[16] Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, X.-F. Yu, "Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots," Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, 1223–1229 (2016).

[17] H. Zhang, J. Liu, J. Liu, J. Wang, L. Su, W. Ma, Z. Guo, "Dual-wavelength Q-switched Er:SrF2 laser with a black phosphorus absorber in the midinfrared region," Opt. Express 24, 30289 (2016).

[18] J. Li, H. Luo, B. Zhai, R. Lu, Z. Guo, H. Zhang, Y. Liu, "Black phosphorus: A two-dimension saturable absorption material for mid-infrared Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers," Sci. Rep. 6, 30361 (2016).

[19] X. Tang, W. Liang, J. Zhao, Z. Li, M. Qiu, T. Fan, C. S. Luo, Y. Zhou, Y. Li, Z. Guo, D. Fan, H. Zhang, "Fluorinated phosphorene: Electrochemical synthesis, atomistic fluorination, and enhanced stability," Small 13, 1702739 (2017).

[20] C. Xing, G. Jing, X. Liang, M. Qiu, Z. Li, R. Cao, X. Li, D. Fan, H. Zhang, "Graphene oxide/black phosphorus nanoflake aerogels with robust thermostability and significantly enhanced photothermal properties in air," Nanoscale 9, 8096–8101 (2017).

[21] P. Li, D. Zhang, J. Liu, H. Chang, Y. Sun, N. Yin, "Air-stable black phosphorus devices for ion sensing," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 24396– 24402 (2015).

[22] H. U. Lee, S. C. Lee, J. Won, B. C. Son, S. Choi, Y. Kim, S. Y. Park, H. S. Kim, Y. C. Lee, J. Lee, "Stable semiconductor black phosphorus (BP) @titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid photocatalysts," Sci. Rep. 5, 8691 (2015).

[23] M. Luo, T. Fan, Y. Zhou, H. Zhang, L. Mei, "2D black phosphorus–based biomedical applications," Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1808306–808325 (2019).

[24] H. U. Lee, S. Y. Park, S. C. Lee, S. Choi, S. Seo, H. Kim, J. Won, K. Choi, K. S. Kang, H. G. Park, H. S. Kim, H. R. An, K. H. Jeong, Y. C. Lee, J. Lee, "Black phosphorus (bp) nanodots for potential biomedical applications," Small 12, 214–219 (2016).

[25] X. Yang, G. Liu, Y. Shi, W. Huang, J. Shao, X. Dong, "Nano-black phosphorus for combined cancer phototherapy: Recent advances and prospects," Nanotechnology 29, 222001 (2018).

[26] Z. Xie, D. Wang, T. Fan, C. Xing, Z. Li, W. Tao, L. Liu, S. Bao, D. Fan, H. Zhang, "Black phosphorus analogue tin sulfide nanosheets: Synthesis and application as near-infrared photothermal agents and drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy," J. Mater. Chem. B 6, 4747–4755 (2018).

[27] Y. T. Yew, Z. Sofer, C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, M. Pumera, "Black phosphorus nanoparticles as a novel fluorescent sensing platform for nucleic acid detection," Mater. Chem. Front. 1, 1130–1136 (2017).

[28] Y. Chen, R. Ren, H. Pu, J. Chang, S. Mao, J. Chen, "Field-effect transistor biosensors with twodimensional black phosphorus nanosheets," Biosens. Bioelectron. 89, 505–510 (2017).

[29] V. Kumar, J. R. Brent, M. Shorie, H. Kaur, G. Chadha, A. G. Thomas, E. A. Lewis, A. P. Rooney, L. Nguyen, X. L. Zhong, M. G. Burke, S. J. Haigh, A. Walton, P. D. McNaughter, A. A. Tedstone, N. Savjani, C. A. Muryn, P. O'Brien, A. K. Ganguli, D. J. Lewis, P. Sabherwal, "Nanostructured aptamer-functionalized black phosphorus sensing platform for label-free detection of myoglobin, a cardiovascular disease biomarker," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 22860–22868 (2016).

[30] N. Gao, J. Nie, H. Wang, C. Xing, L. Mei, W. Xiong, X. Zeng, Z. Peng, "A versatile platform based on black phosphorus nanosheets with enhanced stability for cancer synergistic therapy," J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 14, 1883–1897 (2018).

[31] W. Chen, J. Ouyang, H. Liu, M. Chen, K. Zeng, J. Sheng, Z. Liu, Y. Han, L. Wang, J. Li, L. Deng, Y.-N. Liu, S. Guo, "Black phosphorus nanosheetbased drug delivery system for synergistic photodynamic/ photothermal/chemotherapy of cancer," Adv. Mater. 29, 1603864 (2017).

[32] L. Qin, G. Ling, F. Peng, F. Zhang, S. Jiang, H. He, D. Yang, P. Zhang, "Black phosphorus nanosheets and gemcitabine encapsulated thermosensitive hydrogel for synergistic photothermalchemotherapy," J. Colloid Interface Sci. 556, 232–238 (2019).

[33] W. Ou, J. H. Byeon, R. K. Thapa, S. K. Ku, C. S. Yong, J. O. Kim, "Plug-and-play nanorization of coarse black phosphorus for targeted chemo-photoimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer," ACS Nano 12, 10061–10074 (2018).

[34] S. Geng, L. Wu, H. Cui, W. Tan, T. Chen, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, "Synthesis of lipid-black phosphorus quantum dot bilayer vesicles for near-infraredcontrolled drug release," Chem. Commun. 54, 6060–6063 (2018).

[35] X. W. Huang, J. J. Wei, M. Y. Zhang, X. L. Zhang, X. F. Yin, C. H. Lu, J. B. Song, S. M. Bai, H. H. Yang, "Water-based black phosphorus hybrid nanosheets as a moldable platform for wound healing applications," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 35495–35502 (2018).

[36] C. Mao, Y. Xiang, X. Liu, Z. Cui, X. Yang, Z. Li, S. Zhu, Y. Zheng, K. W. K. Yeung, S. Wu, "Repeatable photodynamic therapy with triggered signaling pathways of fibroblast cell proliferation and differentiation to promote bacteria-accompanied wound healing," ACS Nano 12, 1747–1759 (2018).

[37] J. Ouyang, R.-Y. Liu, W. Chen, Z. Liu, Q. Xu, K. Zeng, L. Deng, L. Shen, Y.-N. Liu, "A black phosphorus based synergistic antibacterial platform against drug resistant bacteria," J. Mater. Chem. B 6, 6302–6310 (2018).

[38] J. Ouyang, L. Deng, W. Chen, J. Sheng, Z. Liu, L. Wang, Y. N. Liu, "Two dimensional semiconductors for ultrasound-mediated cancer therapy: The case of black phosphorus nanosheets," Chem. Commun. 54, 2874–2877 (2018).

[39] L. Jin, P. Hu, Y. Wang, L. Wu, K. Qin, H. Cheng, S. Wang, B. Pan, H. Xin, W. Zhang, X. Wang, "Fast-acting black-phosphorus-assisted depression therapy with low toxicity," Adv. Mater. 32, e1906050 (2020).

[40] Y. Li, Z. Du, X. Liu, M. Ma, D. Yu, Y. Lu, J. Ren, X. Qu, "Near-infrared activated black phosphorus as a nontoxic photo-oxidant for alzheimer's amyloid- beta peptide," Small 15, e1901116 (2019).

[41] L. Li, Y. Yu, G. J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou, H. Wu, D. Feng, X. H. Chen, Y. Zhang, "Black phosphorus field-effect transistors," Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 372– 377 (2014).

[42] S. Das, W. Zhang, M. Demarteau, A. Ho?mann, M. Dubey, A. Roelofs, "Tunable transport gap in phosphorene," Nano Lett. 14, 5733–5739 (2014).

[43] I. Ocsoy, N. Isiklan, S. Cansiz, N. Ozdemir, W. Tan, "ICG-conjugated magnetic graphene oxide for dual photothermal and photodynamic therapy," RSC Adv. 6, 30285–30292 (2016).

[44] H. Dong, M. Jin, Z. Liu, H. Xiong, X. Qiu, W. Zhang, Z. Guo, "In vitro and in vivo braintargeting chemo-photothermal therapy using graphene oxide conjugated with transferrin for Gliomas," Lasers Med. Sci. 31, 1123–1131 (2016).

[45] X. Zhang, J. Wu, G. R. Williams, S. Niu, Q. Qian, L. M. Zhu, "Functionalized MoS2-nanosheets for targeted drug delivery and chemo-photothermal therapy," Colloids Surf. B, Biointerfaces 173, 101– 108 (2019).

[46] J. Wu, D. H. Bremner, S. Niu, H. Wu, J. Wu, H. Wang, H. Li, L.-M. Zhu, "Functionalized MoS2 nanosheet-capped periodic mesoporous organosilicas as a multifunctional platform for synergistic targeted chemo-photothermal therapy," Chem. Eng. J. 342, 90–102 (2018).

[47] L. Qin, S. Jiang, H. He, G. Ling, P. Zhang, "Functional black phosphorus nanosheets for cancer therapy," J. Control Release 318, 50–66 (2020).

[48] R. Cai, M. Nie, F. Xu, "Ultrafast turbulenceinduced disintegration ofBNandWS2 quantumdots for potential multifunctional nanotheranostics," Mater. Des. 181, 107925 (2019).

[49] Y. Wang, M. Qiu, M. Won, E. Jung, T. Fan, N. Xie, S.-G. Chi, H. Zhang, J. S. Kim, "Emerging 2D material-based nanocarrier for cancer therapy beyond graphene," Coord. Chem. Rev. 400 213041 (2019).

[50] G. Qin, Q. B. Yan, Z. Qin, S. Y. Yue, H. J. Cui, Q. R. Zheng, G. Su, "Hinge-like structure induced unusual properties of black phosphorus and new strategies to improve the thermoelectric performance," Sci. Rep. 4, 6946 (2014).

[51] M. Buscema, J. O. Island, D. J. Groenendijk, S. I. Blanter, G. A. Steele, H. S. van der Zant, A. Castellanos-Gomez, "Photocurrent generation with two-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors," Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 3691–3718 (2015).

[52] V. Sorkin, Y. Cai, Z. Ong, G. Zhang, Y. W. Zhang, "Recent advances in the study of phosphorene and its nanostructures," Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 42, 1–82 (2016).

[53] J. W. Jiang, H. S. Park, "Young's modulus of single-layer black phosphorus," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys. 47, 5762–5770 (2014).

[54] M. Walter, M. I. Bodnarchuk, K. V. Kravchyk, M. V. Kovalenko, "Evaluation of metal phosphide nanocrystals as anode materials for na-ion batteries," Chimia 69, 724–728 (2015).

[55] Z. Zhao, H. Yin, K. Cai, W. Zhou, "Mechanical stability of a nanotube from monolayer black phosphorus with the [110] direction as the tube's circumference or generatrix," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 3465–3473 (2018).

[56] L. Li, R. Sun, J. Yang, "Mechanical behaviors of angle-ply black phosphorus by molecular dynamics simulations," Nanomaterials 8, 758 (2018).

[57] J. W. Jiang, H. S. Park, "Negative poisson's ratio in single-layer black phosphorus," Nat. Commun. 5, 4727 (2014).

[58] X. Peng, Q. Wei, A. Copple, "Strain-engineered direct-indirect band gap transition and its mechanism in two-dimensional phosphorene," Phys. Rev. B 90, 085402 (2014).

[59] J. Qiao, X. Kong, Z. X. Hu, F. Yang, W. Ji, "Highmobility transport anisotropy and linear dichroism in few-layer black phosphorus," Nat. Commun. 5, 4475 (2014).

[60] Z.-Y. Ong, Y. Cai, G. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhang, "Strong thermal transport anisotropy and strain modulation in single-layer phosphorene," J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 25272–25277 (2014).

[61] H. Liu, A. T. Neal, Z. Zhu, Z. Luo, X. Xu, D. Tomanek, P. D. Ye, "Phosphorene: An unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility," ACS Nano 8, 4033–4041 (2014).

[62] Q. Liu, X. Zhang, L. B. Abdalla, B. Fazzio, A. Zunger, "Electric field induced topological phase transition in two-dimensional few-layer black phosphorus," Mater. Sci. 15, 1222 (2015).

[63] Y. Jing, Q. Tang, P. He, Z. Zhou, P. Shen, "Small molecules make big differences: Molecular doping effects on electronic and optical properties of phosphorene," Nanotechnology 26, 095201 (2015).

[64] X. Chen, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, Y. Han, S. Xu, L. Wang, W. Ye, T. Han, Y. He, Y. Cai, N. Wang, "Highquality sandwiched black phosphorus heterostructure and its quantum oscillations," Nat. Commun. 6, 7315 (2015).

[65] L. Sun, Z. H. Zhang, H. Wang, M. Li, "Electronic properties of phosphorene nanoribbons with nanoholes," RSC Adv. 8, 7486–7493 (2018).

[66] A. Jain, A. J. McGaughey, "Strongly anisotropic in-plane thermal transport in single-layer black phosphorene," Sci. Rep. 5, 8501 (2015).

[67] Y. Cai, J. Lan, G. Zhang, Y.-W. Zhang, "Lattice vibrational modes and phonon thermal conductivity of monolayer MoS2," Phys. Rev. B 89, 035438 (2014).

[68] L. Zhu, G. Zhang, B. Li, "Coexistence of sizedependent and size-independent thermal conductivities in phosphorene," Phys. Rev. B 90, 214302 (2014).

[69] Y. Y. Zhang, Q. X. Pei, J. W. Jiang, N. Wei, Y. W. Zhang, "Thermal conductivities of single- and multi-layer phosphorene: A molecular dynamics study," Nanoscale 8, 483–491 (2016).

[70] P. T. T. Le, M. Yarmohammadi, "Anisotropic magneto-thermoelectric properties of single-layer dilute charged impurity-infected black phosphorus," Phys. E, Low-dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 107, 11–17 (2019).

[71] V. Tran, R. Soklaski, Y. Liang, L. Yang, "Tunable band gap and anisotropic optical response in fewlayer black phosphorus," Phys. Rev. 89, 235319 (2014).

[72] Y. Ge, C. Si, Y. Xu, Z. He, Z. Liang, Y. Chen, Y. Song, D. Fan, Z. Kai, Z. Han, "Few-layer selenium- doped black phosphorus: Synthesis, nonlinear optical properties and ultrafast photonics applications," J. Mater. Chem. C 5, 6129–6135 (2017).

[73] Z. Han, L. Jie, Z. Chu, Z. Guo, "2 m passively Q-switched laser based on black phosphorus," Opt. Mater. Express 6, 2374 (2016).

[74] M. Jie, L. Shunbin, G. Zhinan, X. Xiaodong, Z. Han, T. Dingyuan, F. Dianyuan, "Few-layer black phosphorus based saturable absorber mirror for pulsed solid-state lasers," Opt. Express 23, 22643 (2015).

[75] F. Xia, H. Wang, Y. Jia, "Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics," Nat. Commun. 5, 4458 (2014).

[76] L. Kong, Z. Qin, G. Xie, Z. Guo, H. Zhang, P. Yuan, L. Qian, "Black phosphorus as broadband saturable absorber for pulsed lasers from 1 m to 2.7 m wavelength," Laser Phys. Lett. 13, 045801 (2016).

[77] S. B. Lu, L. L. Miao, Z. N. Guo, X. Qi, C. J. Zhao, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, D. Y. Tang, D. Y. Fan, "Broadband nonlinear optical response in multilayer black phosphorus: An emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material," Opt. Express 23, 11183–11194 (2015).

[78] D. ?ak?r, H. Sahin, F. M. Peeters, "Tuning of the electronic and optical properties of single-layer black phosphorus by strain," Phys. Rev. B 90, 205421 (2014).

[79] Z. Guo, H. Zhang, S. Lu, Z. Wang, S. Tang, J. Shao, Z. Sun, H. Xie, H. Wang, X.-F. Yu, P. K. Chu, "From black phosphorus to phosphorene: Basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics," Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6996–7002 (2015).

[80] T. Fan, Z. Xie, W. Huang, Z. Li, H. Zhang, "Twodimensional non-layered selenium nanoflakes: Facile fabrications and applications for self-powered photo-detector," Nanotechnology 30, 114002 (2019).

[81] Z. Xie, C. Xing, W. Huang, T. Fan, Z. Li, J. Zhao, Y. Xiang, Z. Guo, J. Li, Z. Yang, "Ultrathin 2D nonlayered tellurium nanosheets: Facile liquidphase exfoliation, characterization, and photoresponse with high performance, enhanced stability," Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1705833 (2018).

[82] C. Xing, Z. Xie, Z. Liang, W. Liang, T. Fan, J. S. Ponraj, S. C. Dhanabalan, D. Fan, H. Zhang, "2D nonlayered selenium nanosheets: Facile synthesis, photoluminescence, and ultrafast photonics," Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 1700884 (2017).

[83] C. Xing, W. Huang, Z. Xie, J. Zhao, D. Ma, T. Fan, W. Liang, Y. Ge, B. Dong, J. Li, "Ultrasmall bismuth quantum dots: Facile liquid-phase exfoliation, characterization, and application in highperformance UV–Vis photodetector," ACS Photon. 5, 621–629 (2017).

[84] H. Huang, X. Ren, Z. Li, H. Wang, Z. Huang, H. Qiao, P. Tang, J. Zhao, W. Liang, Y. Ge, J. Liu, J. Li, X. Qi, H. Zhang, "Two-dimensional bismuth nanosheets as prospective photo-detector with tunable optoelectronic performance," Nanotechnology 29, 235201 (2018).

[85] W. Huang, C. Xing, Y. Wang, Z. Li, L. Wu, D. Ma, X. Dai, Y. Xiang, J. Li, D. Fan, H. Zhang, "Facile fabrication and characterization of two-dimensional bismuth(iii) sulfide nanosheets for high-performance photodetector applications under ambient conditions," Nanoscale 10, 2404–2412 (2018).

[86] Z. Li, H. Qiao, Z. Guo, X. Ren, Z. Huang, X. Qi, S. C. Dhanabalan, J. S. Ponraj, D. Zhang, J. Li, J. Zhao, J. Zhong, H. Zhang, "High-performance photo-electrochemical photodetector based on liquid- exfoliated few-layered inse nanosheets with enhanced stability," Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1705237 (2018).

[87] V. Nicolosi, M. Chhowalla, M. G. Kanatzidis, M. S. Strano, J. N. Coleman, "Liquid exfoliation of layered materials," Science 340, 1226419 (2013).

[88] J. R. Brent, N. Savjani, E. A. Lewis, S. J. Haigh, D. J. Lewis, P. O'Brien, "Production of few-layer phosphorene by liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus," Chem. Commun. 50, 13338–13341 (2014).

[89] J. Y. Xu, L. F. Gao, C. X. Hu, Z. Y. Zhu, M. Zhao, Q. Wang, H. L. Zhang, "Preparation of large size, few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets via phytic acid-assisted liquid exfoliation," Chem. Commun. 52, 8107–8110 (2016).

[90] S. Seo, H. U. Lee, S. C. Lee, Y. Kim, H. Kim, J. Bang, J. Won, Y. Kim, B. Park, J. Lee, "Triangular black phosphorus atomic layers by liquid exfoliation," Sci. Rep. 6, 23736 (2016).

[91] M. Bat-Erdene, M. Batmunkh, C. J. Shearer, S. A. Tawfik, M. J. Ford, L. Yu, A. J. Sibley, A. D. Slattery, J. S. Quinton, C. T. Gibson, J. G. Shapter, "Efficient and fast synthesis of few-layer black phosphorus via microwave-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation," Small Methods 1, 1700260 (2017).

[92] Q. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Lai, S. Qi, C. An, Y. Lu, X. Duan, W. Pang, D. Zhang, D. Sun, J.-H. Chen, J. Liu, "Liquid phase mass production of air-stable black phosphorus/phospholipids nanocomposite with ultralow tunneling barrier," 2D Mater. 5, 025012 (2018).

[93] Y. Chang, A. Nie, S. Yuan, B. Wang, C. Mu, J. Xiang, B. Yang, L. Li, F. Wen, Z. Liu, "Liquidexfoliation of S-doped black phosphorus nanosheets for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis," Nanotechnology 30, 035701 (2019).

[94] M. Qiu, Z. T. Sun, D. K. Sang, X. G. Han, H. Zhang, C. M. Niu, "Current progress in black phosphorus materials and their applications in electrochemical energy storage," Nanoscale 9, 13384–13403 (2017).

[95] A. Ambrosi, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, "Electrochemical exfoliation of layered black phosphorus into phosphorene," Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 56, 10443–10445 (2017).

[96] H. Xiao, M. Zhao, J. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Zhang, T. Hu, T. Tang, J. Jia, H. Wu, "Electrochemical cathode exfoliation of bulky black phosphorus into few-layer phosphorene nanosheets," Electrochem. Commun. 89, 10–13 (2018).

[97] J. Pei, X. Gai, J. Yang, X. Wang, Z. Yu, D. Y. Choi, B. Luther-Davies, Y. Lu, "Producing airstable monolayers of phosphorene and their defect engineering," Nat. Commun. 7, 10450 (2016).

[98] J. Jia, S. K. Jang, S. Lai, J. Xu, Y. J. Choi, J. H. Park, S. Lee, "Plasma-treated thickness-controlled two-dimensional black phosphorus and its electronic transport properties," ACS Nano 9, 8729– 8736 (2015).

[99] S. Kuriakose, T. Ahmed, S. Balendhran, G. E. Collis, V. Bansal, I. Aharonovich, S. Sriram, M. Bhaskaran, S. Walia, "Effects of plasma-treatment on the electrical and optoelectronic properties of layered black phosphorus," Appl. Mater. Today 12, 244–249 (2018).

[100] S. Anju, J. Ashtami, P. V. Mohanan, "Black phosphorus, a prospective graphene substitute for biomedical applications," Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 97, 978–993 (2019).

[101] M. Batmunkh, M. Bat-Erdene, J. G. Shapter, "Phosphorene and phosphorene-based materials - prospects for future applications," Adv. Mater. 28, 8586–8617 (2016).

[102] W. Lu, H. Nan, J. Hong, Y. Chen, C. Zhu, Z. Liang, X. Ma, Z. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Zhang, "Plasmaassisted fabrication of monolayer phosphorene and its Raman characterization," Nano Res. 7, 853–859 (2014).

[103] A. Castellanos-Gomez, L. Vicarelli, E. Prada, J. O. Island, K. L. Narasimha-Acharya, S. I. Blanter, D. J. Groenendijk, M. Buscema, G. A. Steele, J. V. Alvarez, H. W. Zandbergen, J. J. Palacios, H. S. J. van der Zant, "Isolation and characterization of few-layer black phosphorus," 2D Mater. 1, 025001 (2014).

[104] Z. Luo, J. Maassen, Y. Deng, Y. Du, R. P. Garrelts, M. S. Lundstrom, P. D. Ye, X. Xu, "Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in fewlayer black phosphorus," Nat. Commun. 6, 8572 (2015).

[105] S. Sinha, Y. Takabayashi, H. Shinohara, R. Kitaura, "Simple fabrication of air-stable black phosphorus heterostructures with large-area hBN sheets grown by chemical vapor deposition method," 2D Mater. 3, 035010 (2016).

[106] Y. Yang, M. Wu, X. Zhu, H. Xu, S. Ma, Y. Zhi, H. Xia, X. Liu, J. Pan, J.-Y. Tang, S.-P. Chai, L. Palmisano, F. Parrino, J. Liu, J. Ma, Z.-L. Wang, L. Tan, Y.-F. Zhao, Y.-F. Song, P. Singh, P. Raizada, D. Jiang, D. Li, R. A. Geioushy, J. Ma, J. Zhang, S. Hu, R. Feng, G. Liu, M. Liu, Z. Li, M. Shao, N. Li, J. Peng, W.-J. Ong, N. Kornienko, Z. Xing, X. Fan, J. Ma, "2020 Roadmap on twodimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis," Chin. Chem. Lett. 30, 2065–2088 (2019).

[107] C. Li, J. Wang, Y. Wang, H. Gao, G. Wei, Y. Huang, H. Yu, Y. Gan, Y. Wang, L. Mei, H. Chen, H. Hu, Z. Zhang, Y. Jin, "Recent progress in drug delivery," Acta Pharm. Sin B 9, 1145–1162 (2019).

[108] Y. Huang, J. Qiao, K. He, S. Bliznakov, E. Sutter, X. Chen, D. Luo, F. Meng, D. Su, J. Decker, W. Ji, R. S. Ruo?, P. Sutter, "Degradation of black phosphorus (bp): The role of oxygen and water," Chem. Mater. 28, 8330–8339 (2016).

[109] J. O. Island, G. A. Steele, H. S. J. v. d. Zant, A. Castellanos-Gomez, "Environmental instability of few-layer black phosphorus," 2D Mater. 2, 011002 (2015).

[110] Y. Huang, J. Qiao, K. He, S. Bliznakov, E. Sutter, X. Chen, D. Luo, F. Meng, D. Su, J. Decker, W. Ji, R. S. Ruo?, P. Sutter, "Interaction of black phosphorus with oxygen and water," Chem. Mater. 28, 8330–8339 (2016).

[111] S. M. Alshahrani, A. S. Alshetaili, A. Alalaiwe, B. B. Alsulays, M. K. Anwer, R. Al-Shdefat, F. Imam, F. Shakeel, "Anticancer efficacy of selfnanoemulsifying drug delivery system of sunitinib malate," AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 19, 123–133 (2018).

[112] R. A. Doganov, E. C. O'Farrell, S. P. Koenig, Y. Yeo, A. Ziletti, A. Carvalho, D. K. Campbell, D. F. Coker, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Ozyilmaz, "Transport properties of pristine few-layer black phosphorus by van der Waals passivation in an inert atmosphere," Nat. Commun. 6, 6647 (2015).

[113] Y. Y. Illarionov, M. Waltl, G. Rzepa, J. S. Kim, S. Kim, A. Dodabalapur, D. Akinwande, T. Grasser, "Long-term stability and reliability of black phosphorus field-effect transistors," ACS Nano 10, 9543– 9549 (2016).

[114] C. R. Ryder, J. D. Wood, S. A. Wells, Y. Yang, D. Jariwala, T. J. Marks, G. C. Schatz, M. C. Hersam, "Covalent functionalization and passivation of exfoliated black phosphorus via aryl diazonium chemistry," Nat. Chem. 8, 597–602 (2016).

[115] Y. Zhao, H. Wang, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, Y. Xu, Z. Guo, H. Xie, J. Shao, Z. Sun, W. Han, X. F. Yu, P. Li, P. K. Chu, "Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability," Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 55, 5003–5007 (2016).

[116] M. Qiu, D. Wang, W. Liang, L. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, D. K. Sang, C. Xing, Z. Li, B. Dong, F. Xing, D. Fan, S. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Cao, "Novel concept of the smart NIR-light-controlled drug release of black phosphorus nanostructure for cancer therapy," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 501–506 (2018).

[117] X. Wang, C. Tang, W. Zhu, X. Zhou, Q. Zhou, C. Cheng, "A new effective approach to prevent the degradation of black phosphorus: The scandium transition metal doping," J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 9654–9662 (2018).

[118] W. Lv, B. Yang, B. Wang, W. Wan, Y. Ge, R. Yang, C. Hao, J. Xiang, B. Zhang, Z. Zeng, Z. Liu, "Sulfur-doped black phosphorus field-effect transistors with enhanced stability," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 9663–9668 (2018).

[119] J. Zhang, S. Chen, Y. Ma, D. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Li, Z. Yu, H. Zhang, F. Yin, Z. Li, "Organosilicon modification to enhance the stability of black phosphorus nanosheets under ambient conditions," J. Mater. Chem. B 6, 4065–4070 (2018).

[120] X. Zeng, M. Luo, G. Liu, X. Wang, W. Tao, Y. Lin, X. Ji, L. Nie, L. Mei, "Polydopamine-modified black phosphorous nanocapsule with enhanced stability and photothermal performance for tumor multimodal treatments," Adv. Sci. 5, 1800510 (2018).

[121] Z. Sun, H. Xie, S. Tang, X. F. Yu, Z. Guo, J. Shao, H. Zhang, H. Huang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, "Ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots: Synthesis and use as photothermal agents," Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 54, 11526–11530 (2015).

[122] X. Zhang, H. Xie, Z. Liu, C. Tan, Z. Luo, H. Li, J. Lin, L. Sun, W. Chen, Z. Xu, L. Xie, W. Huang, H. Zhang, "Black phosphorus quantum dots," Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 54, 3653–3657 (2015).

[123] Y. Sun, S. Fan, S. Fan, C. Li, Z. Shang, M. Gu, S. Liang, X. Tian, "In vitro and In vivo toxicity of black phosphorus nanosheets," J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 20, 659–667 (2020).

[124] X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, D. Li, W. Ma, C. Ma, F. Wu, Q. Zhao, Q. Yan, B. Xing, "Size effect on the cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus and underlying mechanisms," Small 13, 1701210 (2017).

[125] S. J. Song, Y. C. Shin, H. U. Lee, B. Kim, D. W. Han, D. Lim, "Dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus in fibroblastic cells," Nanomaterials (Basel) 8, 408 (2018).

[126] X. Mu, J. Y. Wang, X. Bai, F. Xu, H. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Jing, L. Liu, X. Xue, H. Dai, Q. Liu, Y. M. Sun, C. Liu, X. D. Zhang, "Black phosphorus quantum dot induced oxidative stress and toxicity in living cells and mice," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 20399–20409 (2017).

[127] Y. C. Shin, S. J. Song, Y. B. Lee, M. S. Kang, H. U. Lee, J. W. Oh, D. W. Han, "Application of black phosphorus nanodots to live cell imaging," Biomater. Res. 22, 31 (2018).

[128] N. M. Lati?, W. Z. Teo, Z. Sofer, A. C. Fisher, M. Pumera, "The cytotoxicity of layered black phosphorus," Chemistry 21, 13991–13995 (2015).

[129] D. L. Childers, J. Corman, M. Edwards, J. J. Elser, "Sustainability challenges of phosphorus and food: Solutions from closing the human phosphorus cycle," BioScience 61, 117–124 (2011).

[130] L. Chan, P. Gao, W. Zhou, C. Mei, Y. Huang, X. F. Yu, P. K. Chu, T. Chen, "Sequentially triggered delivery system of black phosphorus quantum dots with surface charge-switching ability for precise tumor radiosensitization," ACS Nano 12, 12401– 12415 (2018).

[131] H. Huang, L. He, W. Zhou, G. Qu, J. Wang, N. Yang, J. Gao, T. Chen, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, "Stable black phosphorus/Bi2O3 heterostructures for synergistic cancer radiotherapy," Biomaterials 171, 12–22 (2018).

[132] J. Shao, H. Xie, H. Huang, Z. Li, Z. Sun, Y. Xu, Q. Xiao, X. F. Yu, Y. Zhao, H. Zhang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, "Biodegradable black phosphorusbased nanospheres for in vivo photothermal cancer therapy," Nat. Commun. 7, 12967 (2016).

[133] H. Xie, J. Shao, Y. Ma, J. Wang, H. Huang, N. Yang, H. Wang, C. Ruan, Y. Luo, Q. Q. Wang, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, "Biodegradable near-infraredphotoresponsive shape memory implants based on black phosphorus nanofillers," Biomaterials 164, 11–21 (2018).

[134] G. Qu, W. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Gao, T. Xia, J. Shi, L. Hu, W. Zhou, J. Gao, H. Wang, Q. Luo, Q. Zhou, S. Liu, X. F. Yu, G. Jiang, "Improved biocompatibility of black phosphorus nanosheets by chemical modification," Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 56, 14488–14493 (2017).

[135] S. Zhang, J. Yang, R. Xu, F. Wang, W. Li, M. Ghufran, Y. W. Zhang, Z. Yu, G. Zhang, Q. Qin, Y. Lu, "Extraordinary photoluminescence and strong temperature angle-dependent raman responses in few-layer phosphorene," ACS Nano 8, 9590–9596 (2014).

[136] S. Kunjachan, J. Ehling, G. Storm, F. Kiessling, T. Lammers, "Noninvasive imaging of nanomedicines and nanotheranostics: Principles, progress, prospects," Chem. Rev. 115, 10907–10937 (2015).

[137] G. P. Luke, D. Yeager, S. Y. Emelianov, "Biomedical applications of photoacoustic imaging with exogenous contrast agents," Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40, 422–437 (2012).

[138] C. Sun, L. Wen, J. Zeng, Y. Wang, Q. Sun, L. Deng, C. Zhao, Z. Li, "One-pot solventless preparation of PEGylated black phosphorus nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer," Biomaterials 91, 81–89 (2016).

[139] Z. Sun, Y. Zhao, Z. Li, H. Cui, Y. Zhou, W. Li, W. Tao, H. Zhang, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, "TiL4-Coordinated black phosphorus quantum dots as an efficient contrast agent for in vivo photoacoustic imaging of cancer," Small 13, 1602896 (2017).

[140] B. Yang, J. Yin, Y. Chen, S. Pan, H. Yao, Y. Gao, J. Shi, "2D-Black-Phosphorus-reinforced 3d-printed sca?olds: A stepwise countermeasure for osteosarcoma," Adv. Mater. 30, 1705611 (2018).

[141] T. Guo, Y. Lin, G. Jin, R. Weng, J. Song, X. Liu, G. Huang, L. Hou, H. Yang, "Manganese-phenolic network-coated black phosphorus nanosheets for theranostics combining magnetic resonance/photoacoustic dual-modal imaging and photothermal therapy," Chem. Commun. 55, 850–853 (2019).

[142] T. Fan, Y. Zhou, M. Qiu, H. Zhang, "Black phosphorus: A novel nanoplatform with potential in the field of bio-photonic nanomedicine," J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 11, 1830003 (2018).

[143] S. Wang, J. Shao, Z. Li, Q. Ren, X.-F. Yu, S. Liu, "Black phosphorus-based multimodal nanoagent: Showing targeted combinatory therapeutics against cancer metastasis," Nano Lett. 19, 5587– 5594 (2019).

[144] D. Yang, G. Yang, P. Yang, R. Lv, S. Gai, C. Li, F. He, J. Lin, "Assembly of au plasmonic photothermal agent and iron oxide nanoparticles on ultrathin black phosphorus for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer Therapy," Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1700371 (2017).

[145] Y. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Hou, G. Yang, X. Fei, H. Zhao, Y. Guo, C. Su, Z. Wang, H. Zhong, Z. Zhuang, Z. Guo, "Multifunctional nanoplatform based on black phosphorus quantum dots for bioimaging and photodynamic/photothermal synergistic cancer therapy," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 25098–25106 (2017).

[146] X. Yang, D. Wang, Y. Shi, J. Zou, Q. Zhao, Q. Zhang, W. Huang, J. Shao, X. Xie, X. Dong, "Black phosphorus nanosheets immobilizing CE6 for imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 12431–12440 (2018).

[147] L. Deng, Y. Xu, C. Sun, B. Yun, Q. Sun, C. Zhao, Z. Li, "Functionalization of small black phosphorus nanoparticles for targeted imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer," Sci. Bull. 63, 917–924 (2018).

[148] J. Zhou, Z. Li, M. Ying, M. Liu, X. Wang, X. Wang, L. Cao, H. Zhang, G. Xu, "Black phosphorus nanosheets for rapid microRNA detection," Nanoscale 10, 5060–5064 (2018).

[149] X. Yang, D. Wang, J. Zhu, L. Xue, C. Ou, W. Wang, M. Lu, X. Song, X. Dong, "Functional black phosphorus nanosheets for mitochondriatargeting photothermal/photodynamic synergistic cancer therapy," Chem. Sci. 10, 3779–3785 (2019).

[150] N. Gao, C. Xing, H. Wang, L. Feng, X. Zeng, L. Mei, Z. Peng, "pH-Responsive dual drug-loaded nanocarriers based on poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) modified black phosphorus nanosheets for cancer chemo/photothermal therapy," Front. Pharmacol. 10, 270 (2019).

[151] R. S. Wu, J. Lin, Y. M. Xing, Z. L. Dai, L. W. Wang, X. P. Zhang, "pH-Sensitive black phosphorous- incorporated hydrogel as novel implant for cancer treatment," J. Pharm. Sci. 108, 2542–2551 (2019).

[152] X. Ye, X. Liang, Q. Chen, Q. Miao, X. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Mei, "Surgical tumor-derived personalized photothermal vaccine formulation for cancer immunotherapy," ACS Nano 13, 2956–2968 (2019).

[153] X. Liang, X. Ye, C. Wang, C. Xing, Q. Miao, Z. Xie, X. Chen, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. Mei, "Photothermal cancer immunotherapy by erythrocyte membrane-coated black phosphorus formulation," J. Control. Release 296, 150–161 (2019).

[154] J. Shao, C. Ruan, H. Xie, Z. Li, H. Wang, P. K. Chu, X. F. Yu, "Black-phosphorus-incorporated hydrogel as a sprayable and biodegradable photothermal platform for postsurgical treatment of cancer," Adv. Sci. 5, 1700848 (2018).

[155] J. Liu, P. Du, T. Liu, B. J. Cordova Wong, W. Wang, H. Ju, J. Lei, "A black phosphorus/ manganese dioxide nanoplatform: Oxygen selfsupply monitoring, photodynamic therapy enhancement and feedback," Biomaterials 192, 179– 188 (2019).

[156] T. Guo, Y. Wu, Y. Lin, X. Xu, H. Lian, G. Huang, J. Z. Liu, X. Wu, H. H. Yang, "Black phosphorus quantum dots with renal clearance property for efficient photodynamic therapy," Small 14, 1702815 (2018).

[157] J. Liu, P. Du, H. Mao, L. Zhang, H. Ju, J. Lei, "Dual-triggered oxygen self-supply black phosphorus nanosystem for enhanced photodynamic therapy," Biomaterials 172, 83–91 (2018).

[158] M. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. Cui, N. Zhou, J. Shen, "Near-infrared light-mediated photodynamic/photothermal therapy nanoplatform by the assembly of Fe3O4 carbon dots with graphitic black phosphorus quantum dots," Int. J. Nanomed. 13, 2803– 2819 (2018).

[159] S. Wang, J. Weng, X. Fu, J. Lin, W. Fan, N. Lu, J. Qu, S. Chen, T. Wang, P. Huang, "Black phosphorus nanosheets for mild hyperthermia-enhanced chemotherapy and chemo-photothermal combination therapy," Nanotheranostics 1, 208–216 (2017).

[160] V. Tayari, N. Hemsworth, I. Fakih, A. Favron, E. Gaufres, G. Gervais, R. Martel, T. Szkopek, "Twodimensional magnetotransport in a black phosphorus naked quantum well," Nat. Commun. 6, 7702 (2015).

[161] W. Tao, X. Zhu, X. Yu, X. Zeng, Q. Xiao, X. Zhang, X. Ji, X. Wang, J. Shi, H. Zhang, L. Mei, "Black phosphorus nanosheets as a robust delivery platform for cancer theranostics," Adv. Mater. 29, 1603276 (2017).

[162] A. G. Thompson, E. Gray, S. M. Heman-Ackah, I. Mager, K. Talbot, S. E. Andaloussi, M. J. Wood, M. R. Turner, "Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative disease - pathogenesis to biomarkers," Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12, 346–357 (2016).

[163] T. Wyss-Coray, "Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation," Nature 539, 180–186 (2016).

[164] A. Robert, Y. Liu, M. Nguyen, B. Meunier, "Regulation of copper and iron homeostasis by metal chelators: A possible chemotherapy for Alzheimer's disease," Acc. Chem. Res. 48, 1332– 1339 (2015).

[165] J. T. Pedersen, S. W. Chen, C. B. Borg, S. Ness, J. M. Bahl, N. H. Heegaard, C. M. Dobson, L. Hemmingsen, N. Cremades, K. Teilum, "Amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein decrease the level of metalcatalyzed reactive oxygen species by radical scavenging and redox silencing," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 3966–3969 (2016).

[166] Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Li, L. Wang, M. Yin, L. Wang, N. Chen, C. Fan, H. Song, "Dietary iron oxide nanoparticles delay aging and ameliorate neurodegeneration in drosophila," Adv. Mater. 28, 1387–1393 (2016).

[167] M. Rosini, E. Simoni, A. Milelli, A. Minarini, C. Melchiorre, "Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: Are we connecting the dots?" J. Med. Chem. 57, 2821–2831 (2014).

[168] G. Bjorklund, V. Stejskal, M. A. Urbina, M. Dadar, S. Chirumbolo, J. Mutter, "Metals and Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms and biochemical processes," Curr. Med. Chem. 25, 2198–2214 (2018).

[169] E. Atrian-Blasco, A. Conte-Daban, C. Hureau, "Mutual interference of Cu and Zn ions in Alzheimer's disease: Perspectives at the molecular level," Dalton Trans. 46, 12750–12759 (2017).

[170] W. Chen, J. Ouyang, X. Yi, Y. Xu, C. Niu, W. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Sheng, L. Deng, Y. N. Liu, S. Guo, "Black phosphorus nanosheets as a neuroprotective nanomedicine for neurodegenerative disorder therapy," Adv. Mater. 30, 1703458 (2018).

[171] A. Khademhosseini, R. Langer, "A decade of progress in tissue engineering," Nat. Protoc. 11, 1775–1781 (2016).

[172] A. V. Mironov, A. M. Grigoryev, L. I. Krotova, N. N. Skaletsky, V. K. Popov, V. I. Sevastianov, "3D printing of PLGA scaffolds for tissue engineering," J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 105, 104– 109 (2017).

[173] S. H. Yoon, J. M. Goo, C. H. Lee, J. Y. Cho, D. W. Kim, H. J. Kim, J. C. Paeng, Y. T. Kim, "Virtual reality-assisted localization and three-dimensional printing-enhanced multidisciplinary decision to treat radiologically occult superficial endobronchial lung cancer," Thorac. Cancer 9, 1525–1527 (2018).

[174] K. Ueda, A. Onishi, S. I. Ito, M. Nakamura, M. Takahashi, "Generation of three-dimensional retinal organoids expressing rhodopsin and S- and M-cone opsins from mouse stem cells," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 495, 2595–2601 (2018).

[175] Y. Zhang, D. Zhai, M. Xu, Q. Yao, H. Zhu, J. Chang, C. Wu, "3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds with antibacterial and osteogenic activity," Biofabrication 9, 025037 (2017).

[176] C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, N. Mohamad Lati?, A. Y. S. Eng, Z. Sofer, M. Pumera, "Black phosphorus nanoparticle labels for immunoassays via hydrogen evolution reaction mediation," Anal. Chem. 88, 10074–10079 (2016).

[177] W. Gu, Y. Yan, X. Pei, C. Zhang, C. Ding, Y. Xian, "Fluorescent black phosphorus quantum dots as label-free sensing probes for evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity," Sens. Actuators B, Chem. 250, 601–607 (2017).

[178] J. Peng, Y. Lai, Y. Chen, J. Xu, L. Sun, J. Weng, "Sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using stability-limited few-layer black phosphorus as an electron donor and a reservoir," Small 13, 1603589 (2017).

[179] T. Xue, W. Liang, Y. Li, Y. Sun, Y. Xiang, Y. Zhang, Z. Dai, Y. Duo, L. Wu, K. Qi, B. N. Shivananju, L. Zhang, X. Cui, H. Zhang, Q. Bao, "Ultrasensitive detection of miRNA with an antimonene- based surface plasmon resonance sensor," Nat. Commun. 10, 28 (2019).