Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have captured an increasing attention in biophotonics owing to their excellent optical features. Herein, 2D hafnium ditelluride (HfTe₂), a new member of transition metal tellurides, is exploited to support gold nanoparticles fabricatingHfTe₂-Au nanocomposites.The nanohybrids can serve as novel 2D surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for the labelfree detection of analyte with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Chemical mechanism originated from HfTe₂ nanosheets and the electromagnetic enhancement induced by the hot spots on the nanohybrids may largely contribute to the superior SERS effect of HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites. Finally, HfTe₂-Au nanocomposites are utilized for the label-free SERS analysis of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, which realize the rapid and ultrasensitive Raman test of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella with the limit of detection of 10 CFU/mL and the maximumRaman enhancement factor up to 1.7 × 10⁸.Combined with principal component analysis, HfTe₂-Au-based SERS analysis also completes the bacterial classification without extra treatment.