Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the beam through phase screen in uplink transmission channel model of ocean turbulence

Fig. 2. Two-dimensional diagram of random ocean turbulence. (a) Phase screen; (b) Phase structure function curves

Fig. 3. Intensity profiles of collimated Gaussian vortex beam at different propagation distance in ocean turbulence of slant path

Fig. 4. Phase profile of collimated Gaussian vortex beam with different topological charges as a function of propagation distance

Fig. 5. Spot centroid distribution

Fig. 6. The beam wander σ_c of collimated Gaussian vortex beam. (a) the relationship between beam wander σ_c and propagation distance z for the values of different the topological charge l; (b) the relationship between beam wander σ_c and propagation distance z for the values of different the tidal velocity of depth-averaged u

Fig. 7. The beam wander σ_c of the collimated Gaussian vortex beam versus the propagation distance z. (a) For the values of different the wind speed W and the zenith angle ζ; (b) For the values of different the outer scale of oceanic turbulence L₀

Fig. 8. The on-axis scintillation index σ_I² of the collimated Gaussian vortex beam versus the propagation distance z. (a) For the values of different the wind speed W and the temperature-salinity distribution ratio ω. (b) For the values of different the inner scale of oceanic turbulence η and the outer scale of oceanic turbulence L₀

Fig. 9. The long-exposure beam radius W_LE of the collimated Gaussian vortex beam versus the propagation distance z. (a) For the values of different the topological charge l and the zenith angle ζ; (b) For the values of different the temperature-salinity distribution ratio ω and the outer scale of oceanic turbulence L₀

Fig. 10. The long-exposure beam radius W_LE of the collimated Gaussian vortex beam versus the propagation distance z for the values of different the tidal velocity of depth-averaged u and the wind speed W