With the changing climate and rapid urban development, megacities and urban agglomerations suffer from frequent extreme weathers caused by high temperature and heavy rain and haze, and ecological and environmental problems become increasingly more prominent. Urban planning in response to climate change is an important means to reduce the negative influence of urban climate, environment, and extreme events, through optimization of land use, spatial structure, road traffic, and greening of urban spaces. This article summarizes the impact mechanisms of urban planning implementation on the climate and the environment and examines the evaluation methods of urban planning implementation effects. In consideration of making urban planning in respond to climate change, we put forward a viewpoint to solving optimization problems with multiple controls, objectives, and constraints based on extreme events index, economic feasibility, and regional applicability. We maintain that it is urgent to conduct impact and adaptation research on urban climate change based on the interactions of climate, environment, and social economic systems, including improving the evaluation methods and constructing the multi-scale integrated assessment system of urban planning effects, in order to realize the green, smart, and resilient urban development strategy with the optimal climate environment and the minimum social and economic costs.