Author Affiliations
1 Naval Aviation University, Yantai, Shandong 264001, China2 Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China3 The 91977 of PLA, Beijing 102200, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Whole framework of proposed method
Fig. 2. Flow chart of proposed algorithm
Fig. 3. Images of several UCM classes. (a) Agricultural; (b) airplane; (c) baseball diamond; (d) dense residential; (e) freeway; (f) harbor; (g) storage tanks; (h) tennis court; (i) overpass; (j) golf course
Fig. 4. Images of several AID classes. (a) Airport; (b) bareland; (c) beach; (d) bridge; (e) commercial; (f) playgound; (g) pond; (h) railway station; (i) stadium; (j) viaduct
Fig. 5. Test accuracies of unseen classes of our algorithm's fusion on UCM dataset. (a) High-level feature fusion; (b) middle-level feature fusion; (c) low-level feature fusion; (d) different-level feature fusion
Fig. 6. Test accuracies of unseen classes of our algorithm's fusion on AID dataset. (a) High-level feature fusion; (b) middle-level feature fusion; (c) low-level feature fusion; (d) different-level feature fusion
Fig. 7. Overall loss and test accuracy of our algorithm's fusion on UCM dataset. (a) High-level feature fusion; (b) middle-level feature fusion; (c) low-level feature fusion; (d) different-level feature fusion
Fig. 8. Overall loss and test accuracy of our algorithm's fusion on AID dataset. (a) High-level feature fusion; (b) middle-level feature fusion; (c) low-level feature fusion; (d) different-level feature fusion
Features | OA |
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LatEm | BiDiLEL | JLSE | SSE | DMaP | SAE | RKT | Ours |
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High-level features | CaffeNet | 18.96 | 35.81 | 31.28 | 30.81 | 28.52 | 36.60 | 32.02 | 42.63 | VGGNet | 20.06 | 32.83 | 35.04 | 26.23 | 28.61 | 45.60 | 34.24 | 46.82 | GoogLeNet | 15.68 | 37.04 | 35.98 | 34.24 | 25.44 | 44.20 | 28.44 | 48.04 | ResNet | 20.00 | 35.01 | 22.10 | 19.58 | 25.01 | 24.24 | 18.03 | 38.74 | Fusion_CAT | 20.20 | 34.44 | 31.88 | 28.02 | 22.42 | 43.20 | 32.01 | 44.42 | Fusion_CCA | 20.54 | 35.46 | 21.34 | 20.44 | 27.41 | 30.06 | 24.44 | 37.24 | Fusion_ADL | 22.86 | 31.84 | 29.54 | 44.83 | 26.81 | 36.40 | 29.62 | 45.63 | Fusion_Ours | 23.20 | 35.63 | 37.80 | 49.21 | 31.83 | 44.80 | 34.41 | 61.41 | Middle-level features | BoVW | 20.80 | 36.83 | 20.72 | 26.64 | 18.84 | 25.80 | 29.83 | 37.24 | IFK | 20.74 | 47.04 | 27.34 | 19.24 | 26.76 | 39.20 | 26.04 | 49.22 | LDA | 21.92 | 38.03 | 27.56 | 27.83 | 31.22 | 29.40 | 33.59 | 39.23 | LLC | 20.82 | 45.37 | 26.66 | 18.21 | 33.44 | 28.20 | 27.18 | 47.42 | pLSA | 19.64 | 39.19 | 29.78 | 22.64 | 31.63 | 29.20 | 26.21 | 40.81 | SPM | 21.94 | 45.37 | 28.36 | 21.03 | 23.04 | 32.40 | 27.82 | 46.84 | VLAD | 20.38 | 42.63 | 26.62 | 24.04 | 30.02 | 39.00 | 29.83 | 44.81 | Fusion_CAT | 21.70 | 33.64 | 18.62 | 23.01 | 22.41 | 28.60 | 28.76 | 34.83 | Fusion_CCA | 21.48 | 35.04 | 20.40 | 29.62 | 20.63 | 34.80 | 28.37 | 37.61 | Fusion_ADL | 20.40 | 40.64 | 32.34 | 23.44 | 35.57 | 37.80 | 29.64 | 44.04 | Fusion_Ours | 23.70 | 46.02 | 33.28 | 40.61 | 37.19 | 39.80 | 34.03 | 59.41 | Low-level features | CH | 19.76 | 25.84 | 21.24 | 21.64 | 15.60 | 20.60 | 16.21 | 26.21 | SIFT | 20.80 | 43.24 | 21.22 | 21.38 | 41.82 | 28.40 | 20.02 | 44.63 | GIST | 21.98 | 37.43 | 20.86 | 18.19 | 31.61 | 21.20 | 20.04 | 39.84 | LBP | 20.28 | 44.41 | 31.50 | 26.41 | 39.24 | 37.00 | 26.24 | 45.82 | Fusion_CAT | 20.20 | 47.04 | 22.64 | 21.43 | 41.03 | 39.40 | 20.03 | 47.81 | Fusion_CCA | 20.22 | 44.83 | 25.80 | 28.84 | 38.81 | 34.80 | 32.84 | 45.84 | Fusion_ADL | 23.06 | 47.04 | 30.96 | 27.81 | 41.61 | 37.60 | 30.03 | 47.43 | Fusion_Ours | 23.20 | 47.24 | 32.40 | 34.24 | 43.24 | 41.20 | 38.19 | 54.47 |
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Table 1. OA values of different ZSC algorithms on UCM dataset for fusion of the same level features%
Features | OA |
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LatEm | BiDiLEL | JLSE | SSE | DMaP | SAE | RKT | Ours |
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High-level features | CaffeNet | 19.48 | 51.30 | 40.63 | 49.05 | 41.54 | 36.30 | 45.55 | 52.23 | VGGNet | 19.93 | 49.94 | 44.37 | 44.56 | 41.30 | 33.40 | 44.73 | 52.09 | GoogLeNet | 20.12 | 51.59 | 44.80 | 48.76 | 45.21 | 43.30 | 51.18 | 53.27 | ResNet | 19.98 | 37.69 | 17.95 | 29.47 | 36.39 | 32.20 | 17.87 | 41.65 | Fusion_CAT | 19.99 | 52.99 | 39.74 | 29.76 | 35.80 | 38.90 | 49.64 | 53.41 | Fusion_CCA | 18.86 | 51.03 | 20.70 | 45.86 | 38.70 | 45.10 | 35.50 | 51.96 | Fusion_ADL | 20.42 | 52.77 | 43.83 | 55.15 | 46.21 | 43.90 | 52.60 | 55.52 | Fusion_Ours | 21.02 | 53.09 | 47.22 | 55.38 | 45.62 | 54.90 | 50.12 | 68.34 | Middle-level features | BoVW | 20.04 | 36.04 | 40.33 | 51.83 | 29.70 | 44.00 | 35.56 | 52.76 | IFK | 19.75 | 50.01 | 45.22 | 30.89 | 34.67 | 43.10 | 28.17 | 51.89 | LDA | 20.01 | 36.12 | 42.35 | 47.10 | 34.44 | 38.90 | 36.21 | 48.67 | LLC | 19.72 | 44.58 | 37.61 | 44.85 | 30.00 | 41.30 | 47.99 | 48.51 | pLSA | 20.15 | 35.37 | 41.36 | 49.53 | 34.44 | 36.30 | 44.73 | 50.93 | SPM | 20.04 | 43.36 | 38.78 | 37.46 | 35.15 | 37.20 | 33.43 | 46.80 | VLAD | 20.13 | 36.39 | 35.47 | 41.60 | 29.17 | 35.60 | 33.37 | 46.56 | Fusion_CAT | 20.15 | 35.18 | 40.67 | 41.78 | 37.34 | 43.80 | 34.50 | 46.37 | Fusion_CCA | 21.76 | 36.35 | 19.12 | 15.74 | 23.61 | 27.40 | 31.66 | 46.04 | Fusion_ADL | 20.11 | 44.13 | 37.34 | 38.76 | 34.73 | 33.80 | 33.79 | 44.18 | Fusion_Ours | 20.91 | 45.17 | 38.28 | 42.49 | 40.53 | 36.90 | 32.43 | 66.05 | Low-level features | CH | 20.00 | 40.87 | 35.00 | 30.53 | 45.09 | 26.00 | 18.82 | 46.07 | SIFT | 19.98 | 25.19 | 13.59 | 17.81 | 28.64 | 19.20 | 15.38 | 30.28 | GIST | 19.81 | 27.34 | 29.17 | 17.51 | 39.70 | 26.70 | 15.50 | 40.68 | LBP | 19.89 | 31.07 | 15.45 | 21.66 | 26.75 | 32.40 | 15.38 | 34.40 | Fusion_CAT | 19.76 | 36.87 | 38.65 | 31.30 | 40.00 | 35.50 | 15.38 | 43.19 | Fusion_CCA | 19.84 | 35.77 | 40.21 | 31.66 | 40.47 | 24.30 | 43.25 | 46.08 | Fusion_ADL | 20.03 | 34.72 | 40.04 | 28.17 | 38.11 | 36.50 | 36.39 | 44.15 | Fusion_Ours | 20.37 | 46.60 | 41.77 | 32.31 | 46.04 | 36.60 | 46.86 | 53.91 |
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Table 2. OA values of different ZSC algorithms on AID dataset for fusion of the same level features%
Method | OA |
---|
High-level feature | Middle-level feature | Low-level feature | Fusion_CAT | Fusion_CCA | Fusion_ADL | Fusion_Ours |
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LatEm | 20.06VGGNet | 21.94SPM | 21.98GIST | 20.96 | 20.87 | 21.6 | 27.46 | BiDiLEL | 37.04GoogLeNet | 47.04IFK | 44.41LBP | 36.82 | 32.84 | 39.42 | 47.83 | JLSE | 35.98GoogLeNet | 29.78pLSA | 31.50LBP | 34.24 | 35.12 | 37.20 | 38.52 | SSE | 34.24GoogLeNet | 27.83LDA | 26.41LBP | 31.64 | 34.80 | 38.05 | 39.83 | DMaP | 28.61VGGNet | 33.44LLC | 41.82SIFT | 30.62 | 39.21 | 38.83 | 42.44 | SAE | 45.60VGGNet | 39.20IFK | 37.00LBP | 45.60 | 47.60 | 48.90 | 49.20 | RKT | 34.24VGGNet | 33.59LDA | 26.24LBP | 35.64 | 34.81 | 33.43 | 38.54 | Ours | 48.04GoogLeNet | 49.22IFK | 45.82LBP | 46.44 | 47.59 | 48.24 | 61.43 |
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Table 3. OA values of different ZSC algorithms on UCM dataset for fusion of different level features%
Methods | OA |
---|
High-level feature | Middle-level feature | Low-level feature | Fusion_CAT | Fusion_CCA | Fusion_ADL | Fusion_Ours |
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LatEm | 20.12GoogLeNet | 20.15pLSA | 20.00CH | 20.08 | 20.13 | 20.33 | 21.16 | BiDiLEL | 51.59GoogLeNet | 50.01IFK | 40.87CH | 53.50 | 47.51 | 52.58 | 54.55 | JLSE | 44.80GoogLeNet | 45.22IFK | 35.00CH | 45.80 | 43.61 | 47.57 | 49.40 | SSE | 49.05CaffeNet | 51.83BoVW | 30.53CH | 38.39 | 33.24 | 42.31 | 45.27 | DMaP | 45.21GoogLeNet | 35.15SPM | 45.09CH | 40.47 | 45.03 | 45.86 | 47.37 | SAE | 43.30GoogLeNet | 44.00BoVW | 32.40LBP | 28.20 | 37.4 | 39.5 | 42.20 | RKT | 51.18GoogLeNet | 47.99LLC | 18.82CH | 51.49 | 47.75 | 50.71 | 52.43 | Ours | 52.23GoogLeNet | 52.76BoVW | 46.07CH | 50.85 | 53.58 | 55.48 | 66.82 |
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Table 4. OA values of different ZSC algorithms on AID dataset for fusion of the different levels features%
Method | LatEm | BiDiLEL | JLSE | SSE | DMaP | SAE | RKT | Ours |
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Time /s | 85.65 | 252.22 | 83.39 | 172.19 | 73.68 | 75.46 | 485.57 | 71.59 |
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Table 5. Computing time of different ZSC algorithms on AID dataset for GoogLeNet feature