Author Affiliations
School of Computer Science and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030051, Chinashow less
Fig. 1. Keypoint matching process of general method
Fig. 2. Keypoint matching process of proposed method
Fig. 3. Sketch map of intersection angle
Fig. 4. Examples of 3D point cloud. (a) Bunny'; (b) Bunny″; (c) Armadillo' ; (d) Armadillo″; (e) chef; (f) rs1; (g) rs4; (h) bun000; (i) bun045; (j) top2; (k) bun180
Fig. 5. State chart of 3D point cloud
Fig. 6. Matching graphs between Bunny' and Bunny″. (a) Matching by NN algorithm; (b) matching by RANSAC algorithm; (c) matching by proposed algorithm
Fig. 7. Matching graphs between Armadillo' and Armadillo″. (a) Matching by NN algorithm; (b) matching by RANSAC algorithm; (c) matching by proposed algorithm
Fig. 8. Matching graphs between chef and rs1. (a) Matching by NN algorithm; (b) matching by RANSAC algorithm; (c) matching by proposed algorithm
Fig. 9. Matching graphs between chef and rs4. (a) Matching by NN algorithm; (b) matching by RANSAC algorithm; (c) matching by proposed algorithm
Fig. 10. Matching graphs of bun045 and bun000. (a) Matching by NN algorithm; (b) matching by RANSAC algorithm; (c) matching by proposed algorithm
Fig. 11. Matching graphs of top2 and bun180. (a) Matching by NN algorithm; (b) matching by RANSAC algorithm; (c) matching by proposed algorithm
Point cloud | Number of original points | Number of edge points | Rate of edge points /% | Number of initial keypoints | Number of final keypoints | Ratio of removal /% | Time of removal /ms | Efficiency of removal /ms |
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Bunny' | 35947 | 1013 | 2.82 | 2713 | 1564 | 42.35 | 577 | 0.016 | Bunny″ | 35947 | 825 | 2.30 | 2508 | 1820 | 27.43 | 624 | 0.017 | Armadillo' | 172974 | 836 | 0.48 | 771 | 443 | 42.54 | 3120 | 0.018 | Armadillo″ | 172974 | 188 | 0.11 | 702 | 656 | 6.55 | 3232 | 0.019 | chef | 176920 | 1314 | 0.74 | 835 | 670 | 19.76 | 3708 | 0.021 | rs1 | 114364 | 13203 | 11.54 | 1394 | 291 | 79.12 | 3246 | 0.028 | rs4 | 135666 | 13113 | 9.67 | 1162 | 331 | 71.51 | 3334 | 0.026 | bun000 | 40256 | 2345 | 5.83 | 1135 | 508 | 55.24 | 1412 | 0.035 | bun045 | 40097 | 2514 | 6.27 | 993 | 348 | 64.95 | 1399 | 0.035 | top2 | 38298 | 2975 | 7.77 | 975 | 331 | 66.05 | 1305 | 0.034 | bun180 | 40251 | 2393 | 5.95 | 1151 | 464 | 59.69 | 1376 | 0.034 |
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Table 1. Information about points in the 3D point cloud and the time of removing keypoints on the edge
Point cloud 1 | Point cloud 2 | Algorithm | Number of correct matching pairs | Number of all matching pairs | Error of rotation | Error of translation |
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Bunny' | Bunny″ | NN | 25 | 31 | 6.098 | 14.364 | | | RANSAC | 3 | 3 | 0.197 | 0.344 | | | Proposed | 16 | 16 | 0.181 | 0.109 | Armadillo' | Armadillo″ | NN | 96 | 112 | 2.126 | 8.574 | | | RANSAC | 2 | 3 | 1.107 | 1.668 | | | Proposed | 77 | 77 | 0.285 | 0.188 |
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Table 2. Matching results between complete 3D point cloud and complete 3D point cloud
Point cloud 1 | Point cloud 2 | Algorithm | Number of correct matching pairs | Number of all matching pairs | Error of rotation | Error of translation |
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chef | rs1 | NN | 15 | 58 | 104.080 | 1447.870 | | | RANSAC | 0 | 3 | 32.585 | 426.013 | | | Proposed | 12 | 12 | 1.489 | 18.945 | chef | rs4 | NN | 20 | 72 | 88.519 | 1245.380 | | | RANSAC | 0 | 3 | 9.911 | 159.958 | | | Proposed | 9 | 9 | 3.167 | 43.351 |
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Table 3. Matching results between complete 3D point cloud and 3D point cloud with clutter and occlusion
Point cloud 1 | Point cloud 2 | Algorithm | Number of correct matching pairs | Number of all matching pairs | Error of rotation | Error of translation |
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bun045 | bun000 | NN | 49 | 97 | 2.5540 | 5.385 | | | RANSAC | 0 | 3 | 7.9000 | 11.378 | | | Proposed | 20 | 20 | 0.7160 | 0.962 | top2 | bun180 | NN | 12 | 61 | 31.9090 | 75.135 | | | RANSAC | 2 | 3 | 95.4290 | 158.701 | | | Proposed | 6 | 7 | 0.5203 | 0.875 |
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Table 4. Matching results between partial 3D point cloud and partial 3D point cloud
Point cloud 1 | Point cloud 2 | Algorithm | Time of keypoint matching /ms |
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Bunny' | Bunny″ | NN | 3343 | | | RANSAC | 9294 | | | Proposed | 4550 | Armadillo' | Armadillo″ | NN | 10234 | | | RANSAC | 22680 | | | Proposed | 16692 | chef | rs1 | NN | 15369 | | | RANSAC | 20570 | | | Proposed | 22332 | chef | rs4 | NN | 15248 | | | RANSAC | 23031 | | | Proposed | 21298 | bun045 | bun000 | NN | 4699 | | | RANSAC | 14203 | | | Proposed | 6518 | top2 | bun180 | NN | 4413 | | | RANSAC | 10368 | | | Proposed | 7097 |
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Table 5. Comparison of matching time