Fig. 1. Illustration of ultrafast laser pulse propagating within the camera coordinate system

Fig. 2. Principle of 3D light field tomography imaging system and image processing flowchart (MLA: microlens array). (a) Imaging principle of cylindrical lens; (b) imaging system of light field tomography; (a) image processing pipeline for light field tomography

Fig. 3. Digital refocusing and all-in-focus image generation of light field tomography (scale bar: 15 mm). (a) Imaging experimental setup; (b) digital refocusing imaging results of ultrafast laser; (c) results of all-in-focus (AiF) image generation and reference 2D camera imaging; (d) raw signal recorded by the streak camera sensor; (e) pulse broadening of the ultrafast laser pulse inside the light diffusing fiber (point P₁, P₂ and P₃ in Fig. 3(c)

Fig. 4. LIFT observation of 3D reflection propagation of ultrafast laser pulse in air (scale bar: 15 mm). (a) Experimental setup diagram; (b) 3D imaging results of ultrafast laser pulse reflection; (c) 3D image of ultrafast laser reflection path; (d) raw signal recorded by the streak camera sensor; (e) depth variation of the ultrafast laser pulse with time, where the dots denote raw depth points and the solid line denotes filtered depth point

Fig. 5. LIFT observation of 3D superluminal motion propagation of ultrafast laser pulse inside a fiber (scale bar: 15 mm). (a) Experimental setup diagram; (b) 3D imaging results of ultrafast laser pulse propagation inside the fiber and its static propagation path; (c) raw signal recorded by the streak camera sensor; (d) depth variation of the ultrafast laser pulse with time, where the dots denote raw depth points and the solid line denotes filtered depth point