The 9th Chinese–Russian Workshop on Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics was held online on 28–30 September 2020. The bilateral workshop brought together both Russian and Chinese scientists, engineers, and clinical researchers from a variety of disciplines engaged in applying optical science, photonics, and imaging technologies to problems in biology and medicine. During the workshop, 2 plenary lectures, 35 invited presentations, 5 oral presentations, and 8 internet reports were presented. This special issue selects some papers from the attendees and includes both research and review articles.