In order to identify and distinguish golden saltwater pearls and color-treated golden pearls, Raman spectrum and UV-visible absorption spectrum were used for testing and analyzing. The results show that in Raman spectrum, compared with color-treated one which has more miscellaneous peaks and higher fluorescence background, peaks are found more stable and less miscellaneous in golden saltwater pearls with a much lower fluorescence background. Between 0～1000 cm-1, the base lines of golden saltwater pearls are below 1000, but for color-treated golden pearls, they are higher than 2000. The intensity of 275 cm-1 Raman band in golden saltwater pearls is more stronger than that of the color-treated one, where it has been covered by the fluorescence background; In the near ultraviolet region (200 nm～400 nm) of UV-visible absorption spectrum, characteristic absorption peaks of 284 nm and 357 nm were found in golden saltwater pearls. But those characteristic absorption peaks in spectrums of color-treated golden pearls are missing, wihich are either red shifted (408 nm) or disappeared. According to the differences of Raman and UV-visible spectrums between golden saltwater pearls and color-treated golden pearls, they can be quickly and effectively set apart without any damage.