Property and Application of New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal BaGa4Se7

Xianghe Meng; Zhuang Li; Jiyong Yao

doi:10.3788/CJL202249.0101005

Journals >Chinese Journal of Lasers >Volume 49 >Issue 1 >Page 0101005 > Article

Chinese Journal of Lasers
Vol. 49, Issue 1, 0101005 (2022)

Property and Application of New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal BaGa₄Se₇

Xianghe Meng^1、2, Zhuang Li^1、2, and Jiyong Yao^1、*

Author Affiliations

¹Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;

²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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DOI: 10.3788/CJL202249.0101005 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Xianghe Meng, Zhuang Li, Jiyong Yao. Property and Application of New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal BaGa₄Se₇[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(1): 0101005 Copy Citation Text

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Fig. 1. Crystal structure of BGSe and the coordination mode of cations. (a) Crystal structure of BGSe; (b) coordination mode of Ba^2＋

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Fig. 2. Photographs of BGSe crystal grown by vertical Bridgeman-Stockbarger technique and BGSe devices

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Fig. 3. IR transmittance spectrum of BGSe

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Fig. 4. Schematic of BGSe-OPO^[27]. (a) Schematic of BGSe OPO in a linear cavity; (b) schematic of BGSe OPO in a ring cavity; (c) linear cavity output power versus incident pump power; (d) ring cavity OPO M² of signal light in the x and y directions

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Fig. 5. Experimental device of MIR generation with BGSe crystal^[30]

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Fig. 6. OPO process of BGSe crystal and peak wavelength of idle frequency light at different temperatures^[31]. (a) Schematic of experimental setup; (b) peak wavelength of idler light of BGSe (56.3°，0°) at 30140°C

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Validity range	n	A₁	A₂	A₃	A₄	A₅	Ref.
0.48-10.4 μm	n_x	7.410040	0.293340	0.051215	1265.119	1896.441	[8]
	n_y	7.323096	0.292889	0.052725	1182.324	1573.474
	n_z	7.764197	0.326812	0.069734	1297.079	1975.857
0.5-2.5 μm	n_x	5.952953	0.250172	0.081614	0.001709	-	[11]
	n_y	6.021794	0.256951	0.079191	0.001925	-
	n_z	6.293976	0.282648	0.094057	0.002579	-
2-11 μm	n_x	7.405114	0.225316	0.051215	1782.091	1170.528	[9]
	n_y	7.388458	0.224481	0.052725	1778.441	1238.145
	n_z	7.622884	0.238018	0.069734	1885.307	1303.370
0.901-10.591 μm	n_x	6.72431	0.26375	0.04248	602.97	749.87	[10]
	n_y	6.86603	0.26816	0.04259	682.97	781.78
	n_z	7.16709	0.32681	0.06973	731.86	790.16

Table 1. Fitting Sellmeier equations of

n_{i}^{2}

＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)＋ A_4i/(λ²－A_5i) in Refs. [8-10] and

n_{i}^{2}

＝A_1i＋A_2i/(λ²－A_3i)－A_4iλ² in Ref. [11] for BGSe crystals, where i＝x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Validity ranges	dn/dT	B₁	B₂	B₃	B₄	Ref.
25-150 ℃	dn_x/dT	0.6837	1.7607	1.6316	0.0318	[12]
	dn_y/dT	0.2692	0.3112	0.2201	0.4867
	dn_z/dT	0.7223	1.5170	1.2953	0.1296
20-120 ℃	dn_x/dT	0.60868	1.26368	1.05624	0.19583	[13]
	dn_y/dT	0.63935	1.31762	1.08950	0.24079
	dn_z/dT	0.63141	1.30790	1.08486	0.20758

Table 2. Thermal-optical dispersion equation of dn_i/dT＝(B_1iλ^－3－B_2iλ^－2＋B_3iλ^－1＋B_4i)×10^－4 (℃^－1) for BGSe crystals, where i＝ x, y, and z, and λ is in μm

Tensor component	Theory: converted to xyz (assumption)	Maker fringes：converted to xyz	OPO laser experiment, in xyz	Phase-matched SHG, in xyz
d₂₁＝d₁₆	＋5.2	opposite sign to d_23,d₃₄	comparable to d₂₃；lager than d₁₅；same sign to d₂₃	5.3 ± 0.8
d₂₂	＋18.2	±24.3±1.5	-	6.2 ± 0.9
d₂₃＝d₃₄	－20.6	±20.4±1.5	-	－14.2±0.8
d₃₁＝d₁₅	＋14.3	-	-	＋2.0±0.3
d₃₂＝d₂₄	－15.2	-	-	－5.0±0.4
d₃₃	－2.2	-	-	-
Ref.	[7]	[14]	[16]	[15，17]

Table 3. Nonlinear coefficients d_ij of BGSe, with all results rescaled to 532 nm, where d_ij is in pm/V

Test condition				Laser damage threshold		Ref.
Wavelength of light source /μm	Pulse width τ /ns	Beam diameter /mm	Repeat frequency f_rep /Hz	F_th /(J·cm^－1)	I_th /(MW·cm^－1)	Ref.
1.064	5	0.4	1	2.8	557	[19]
2.09	27		500	3.3	122.2	[20]
1.064	14	～4	100	1.4	100	[16]
1.053	16	0.2	100	2.04±0.39	254.6	[21]
			150	2.02 ±0.31	252
			200	1.81±0.25	225.6
1.053	7.2±0.4	0.15－0.16	100	2.30	319	[22]
	8.3±0.5		500	1.75	211
	10.0±0.3		1000	1.56	156

Table 4. Laser damage threshold measurements of BGSe

Type of experiment	Pump source	Output wavelength	Maximum input-output energy or power	Ref.
OPO	1.064 μm, 10 ns, 10 Hz	814 μm	40 mJ@1 μm→1.05 mJ@11 μm	[25]
OPO	1.064 μm, 11 ns, 20 Hz	3.34.1 μm	101.3 mJ@1 μm→21.5 mJ@3.8 μm	[24]
OPO	2.09 μm, 16 ns, 1 kHz	89 μm	9.58 W@2.09 μm→0.314 W@8.93 μm	[26]
OPO	2.09 μm, 28 ns, 1 kHz	35 μm	28 W@2 μm→ 5.1 W@4 μm	[27]
OPO	1.064 μm, 10 ns, 10 Hz	2.717 μm	61 mJ@1 μm→3.7 mJ@7.2 μm	[16]
OPO	2.79 μm, 21 ns, 10 Hz	3.949.55 μm	18 mJ@2.79 μm→3.5 mJ@5.03 μm	[28]
DFG	850 nm, 50 kHz	3.157.92 μm	1.5 W@850 nm→1.41 μW@5 μm	[29]

Table 5. Recent progress in laser frequency conversion experiment of BGSe crystal

Crystal	AGS	AGSe	CdSe	ZGP	BGSe
Nonlinear coefficient /(pm·V^－1)	13	33	18	72	31.5
Laser damage threshold	Low	Low	Low	High	Very high
Pump source /μm^*	12	1.52	2	2	13
Output wavelength range /μm^*	39	315	318	39	315
Output line width /nm	10	10	10	150	10
Melting point /℃	993	860	1350	1025	1020
Phase transition	No	No	Yes	No	No
Thermal conductivity /(W·m^－1·K^－1)	1.5	1	6.5	36	0.7
Electron beam irradiation	No	No	No	Yes	No
Ref.	[32]	[33]	[34]	[34]	[7]

Table 6. Comparison of main properties between BGSe crystal and common infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Crystal	Type of experiment	Pump source / μm	Output wavelength / μm	Maximum output energy or power	Ref.
AGS	OPO	1.064	2.355.27	21 mJ@1 μm→0.58 mJ@4 μm	[35]
AGS	DFG	0.780	512.5	40 mW@0.780 μm→66 nW@8.06 μm	[36]
AGSe	OPO	1.57	48	12 mW@1.57 μm→0.8 mW @4.11 μm	[37]
AGSe	DFG	1.97	618	30 mJ@1.06 μm→0.34 mJ@9 μm	[38]
CdSe	OPO	2.097	10.512	18.2W@2.097 μm→0.8 W@11 μm	[34]
ZGP	OPA	2.097	35	120 W@2.097 μm→102 W@3.92 μm	[39]
ZGP	OPA	2.097	4.38.3	116 W@2.097 μm→11.4 W@ 8.3 μm	[40]

Table 7. Representative laser output results of commonly used infrared nonlinear optical crystals

Xianghe Meng, Zhuang Li, Jiyong Yao. Property and Application of New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Crystal BaGa₄Se₇[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(1): 0101005

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