According to a 2021 China CDC Weekly Express report, mushroom poisoning was one of Chinas most serious food safety issues. In 2021, a total of 327 mushroom poisoning incidents involving 923 patients and 20 deaths were investigated, and the overall mortality was 2.17%. About 74 poisonous mushrooms have been successfully identified. Boletuses are one of the peoples favourite wild mushrooms because of their delicious taste. However, boletuses poisoning incidents can occur due to improper cooking or mixing with toxic boletuses. Quickly identifying variety and the main ingredients of boletus has become a problem that needs to be resolved immediately. Thus, tenfresh boletuses samples were purchased from the Chuxiong Hongfu market. The pileus was prepared by free-hand section, then the silver colloid area was prepared by using the silver colloid prepared by microwave. Under the DXR Laser confocal micro Raman spectrometer, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) spectra of 10 samples were achieved.In these results, the main ingredients of samples 7, 8 and 10 were the same, while samples 6 and 9 also shared the same main ingredients. However, the other samples had different ingredients compared to each other. As an example, in sample 1, the main ingredients were L-phenylalanine (1 583 cm-1 ring C—C stretching vibration and 1 199 cm-1 NH2 rocking), L-histidine(1 572 cm-1 CC stretching vibration COO- asymmetric stretching and 1 229 cm-1 in-plane ring deformation vibration ), isoleucine (1 342 cm-1 C—H, N—H deformation vibration, 486 cm-1 COOH rocking vibration and 353 cm-1 lattice vibration), L-aspartic acid (1 136 cm-1 C—N stretching vibration), glycine (1 386 cm-1 COO- deformation vibration and 889 cm-1 C—C stretching vibration), methionine (681 cm-1 C—S antisymmetric stretching vibration) and pyranose (973 cm-1 symmetric ring vibration) By applying the spectrum software OMNIC Specta and randomly selecting 10 lines to build the database of the sample spectra, the species of fresh boletuses could be identified quickly by measuring their spectra and matching them with the standard spectra in the database. In all samples, only samples 2 and 10 had relatively low matching rates, which were less than 60%. Furthermore, samples7 and 8 shared similar matching rates and cross terms with each other, which indicated they were of the same species. Samples 6 and 9 had similar matching rates but fewer cross terms, which indicated they were of the same or similar species.DNA test results showed that samples 7, 8 and 10 were Boletus baingan, while samples 6 and 9 were Baorangia pseudocalopus. This experiment provides a simple and reliable method to detect the analysis of the main ingredients and rapidly identify Boletuses. Also, this approach has great potential for species identification of wild mushrooms. This experiment has great application value in quickly determining the poisonous wild mushroom species and gaining time to rescue the patient in the case of wild mushroom poisoning. To our knowledge, it is the first time SERS has been used on wild mushroom fruiting bodies.