Research and Application Progress of Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrophone Technology

Zhaoyong Wang; Yifan Liu; Yici Chen; Jinyi Wu; Baiqi Chen; Kan Gao; Qing Ye; Haiwen Cai

doi:10.3788/AOS231627

Journals >Acta Optica Sinica >Volume 44 >Issue 1 >Page 0106004 > Article

Acta Optica Sinica
Vol. 44, Issue 1, 0106004 (2024)

Research and Application Progress of Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrophone Technology

Zhaoyong Wang^1、2、*, Yifan Liu^1、2, Yici Chen^1、2, Jinyi Wu^1、2, Baiqi Chen^1、2, Kan Gao¹, Qing Ye^1、2, and Haiwen Cai¹

Author Affiliations

¹Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

²Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

show less

DOI: 10.3788/AOS231627 Cite this Article Set citation alerts

Zhaoyong Wang, Yifan Liu, Yici Chen, Jinyi Wu, Baiqi Chen, Kan Gao, Qing Ye, Haiwen Cai. Research and Application Progress of Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrophone Technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(1): 0106004 Copy Citation Text

show less

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of hollow cylinder structure and optical fiber sensitization

Download full size

Fig. 2. Φ-OTDR system with phase demodulation and spatial difference

Download full size

Fig. 3. Directivity models of DFOH array. (a) Near field; (b) far field

Download full size

Fig. 4. Experimental layout and target direction result in the first lake test^[43]

Download full size

Fig. 5. Distributed array model of DFOH^[65,75]

Download full size

Fig. 6. Cable structure, sample and its flow noise of the nodal DFOH towing cable^[44]

Download full size

Fig. 7. Simultaneously tracking of multiple whales with submarine communication cable in the Arctic^[92]. (a) Overview of 60 km communication cable; (b)-(i) whale traces at different positions and corresponding swim speeds of whales

Download full size

Year	Group	Responsivity （ $r e r a d / μ P a$ ）	Outer diameter /mm	Bearable pressure	Method
2015	Laser Institute，Shandong Academy of Sciences^［37］	-158.0 dB	—	—	Ultra-weak fiber grating array（UWFBG）
2016	Beihang University^［38］	-150.0 dB	—	—	PGC demodulation method and optimizing the path difference and pulse width
2017	ITMO National Research University^［39］	-169.4 dB @495 Hz； -143.7 dB @40 Hz	<20.0	—	UWFBG，secondary coating of strong polymer fiber and thermoplastic rubber outer sheath（material is RTV655， $Y_{m} = 5.6 M P a$ ，thickness is 3.5 mm）
2018	Institute of Semiconductors，Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）^［40］	-141.6 dB @（20-1000）Hz	12.5	—	Hollow cylindrical structure probe based on elastic sensitive material， $μ_{m} = 0.4$ ， $Y_{m} = 32 M P a$
2020	Zhejiang Lab^［41］	-131.0 dB @（1-1024）Hz	—	—	Acoustic sensitive optical cable formed by spiral winding of optical fiber in elastic material
2021	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［42］	-127.0 dB @（100-2000）Hz	20.0	—	UV exposure scattering enhancement point，spiral winding structure of the optical cable，winding ratio is 1∶5，elastic material $Y_{m} = 10 M P a$ ，sound-transparent sheath
2021	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics（SIOM），CAS^［43］	-146.0 dB @（20-500）Hz	12.5	Not lower than 3 MPa；lateral pressure is not less than 10 N/mm	Spiral winding structure of the optical cable，winding ratio is 1∶7.5，elastic material $μ_{m} = 0.4$ ， $Y_{m} = 1.1 G P a$ ，Polyurethane sheath
2022	Zhejiang Lab^［44］	-130.0 dB @（4-700）Hz	—	—	Node type towed array optical cable，optical fiber spiral winding
2023	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［45］	-137.2 dB @（5-2000）Hz； -125.3 dB @1 Hz	22.0	0.3 MPa，pulling force is 47.5 kN	Scattering enhancement point，optical fiber spiral winding，elastic material $μ_{m} = 0.35$ ， $Y_{m} = 400 M P a$

Table 1. Representative sound pressure sensitivity of DFOH

Year	Group	System NL	Method
2018	Institute of Semiconductors，CAS^［50］	$900 μ r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Active optical fiber
2018	Paris-Saclay University Nokia Bell Labs^［51］	$10 μ r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	PDM-QPSK（polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keting）coding，polarization division coherent detection，10 UWFBGs
2018	Universidad de Alcalá^［52］	$4 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	SOA（semiconductor optical amplifier）amplification，DWDM（dense wavelength division multiplexing）filtering，high-speed sampling（10 GS/s）
2019	Wuhan University of Technology^［53］	$2239 μ r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	UWFBG，a new method based on 3×3 coupler demodulation and PGC demodulation
2019	Universidad de Alcalá^［54］	$5 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Chirped pulse Φ-OTDR，post-processing interpolation method
2019	Paris-Saclay University Nokia Bell Labs^［55］	-30 dB@25.1 km，-50 dB@0.1 km	Polarization diversity BPSK（binary phase shift keying）coding
2019	Shanghai Jiao Tong University ^［56］	$220 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$ @108 km	TGD-OFDR（time-gated digital optical frequency domain reflectometry），bidirectional distributed Raman amplification，hamming window query pulse
2020	United States Naval Research Laboratory^［57］	$- 91 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Fiber scattering enhancement point based on femtosecond laser
2020	SIOM，CAS^［58］	$- 67.8 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	5-level frequency diversity and 4-level wavelength diversity
2021	SIOM，CAS^［59］	$- 70 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Dense multichannel signal integration
2022	Wuhan University of Technology^［60］	-50.2 dB； $58.3 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	UWFBG array，inserting-zero Gray code coding
2022	SIOM，CAS^［61］	$- 88 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$ ； $0.15 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Fiber transverse mode diversity and frequency diversity