Research progress of optical frequency comb in visible light band based on whispering gallery microcavities (Invited)

Qijing Lu; Lingqin Liao; Fangjie Shu; Ming Li; Shusen Xie; Changling Zou

doi:10.3788/IRLA20220335

[1] T Herr, V Brasch, J D Jost, et al. Temporal solitons in optical microresonators. Nature Photonics, 8, 145-152(2014).

[2] Yang Q F, Suh M G, Yang K Y, et al. Micresonat soliton dualcomb spectroscopy[C]Conference on Lasers ElectroOptics (CLEO), 2017: SM4D. 4.

[3] S T Cundiff, J Ye. Colloquium: Femtosecond optical frequency combs. Reviews of Modern Physics, 75, 325-342(2003).

[4] S Koke, C Grebing, H Frei, et al. Direct frequency comb synthesis with arbitrary offset and shot-noise-limited phase noise. Nature Photonics, 4, 462-465(2010).

[5] B Stern, X C Ji, Y Okawachi, et al. Battery-operated integrated frequency comb generator. Nature, 562, 401-405(2018).

[6] B C Yao, S W Huang, Y Liu, et al. Gate-tunable frequency combs in graphene-nitride microresonators. Nature, 558, 410-414(2018).

[7] A B Matsko, A A Savchenkov, D Strekalov, et al. Optical hyperparametric oscillations in a whispering-gallery-mode resonator: threshold and phase diffusion. Physical Review A, 71, 033804(2005).

[8] G P Lin, A Coillet, Y K Chembo. Nonlinear photonics with high-Q whispering-gallery-mode resonators. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 9, 828-890(2017).

[9] M Kues, C Reimer, J M Lukens, et al. Quantum optical microcombs. Nature Photonics, 13, 170-179(2019).

[10] P Del'Haye, A Schliesser, O Arcizet, et al. Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator. Nature, 450, 1214-1217(2007).

[11] T Udem, R Holzwarth, T W Hänsch. Optical frequency metrology. Nature, 416, 233-237(2002).

[12] D J Jones, S A Diddams, J K Ranka, et al. Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis. Science, 288, 635-639(2000).

[13] D T Spencer, T Drake, T C Briles, et al. An optical-frequency synthesizer using integrated photonics. Nature, 557, 81-85(2018).

[14] T Steinmetz, T Wilken, C Araujo-Hauck, et al. Laser frequency combs for astronomical observations. Science, 321, 1335-1337(2008).

[15] M G Suh, K J Vahala. Soliton microcomb range measurement. Science, 359, 884-887(2018).

[16] A Bartels, D Heinecke, S A Diddams. 10-GHz self-referenced optical frequency comb. Science, 326, 681-681(2009).

[17] K J Vahala. Optical microcavities. Nature, 424, 839-846(2003).

[18] I Breunig. Three-wave mixing in whispering gallery resonators. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 10, 569-587(2016).

[19] D V Strekalov, C Marquardt, A B Matsko, et al. Nonlinear and quantum optics with whispering gallery resonators. Journal of Optics, 18, 123002(2016).

[20] A L Gaeta, M Lipson, T J Kippenberg. Photonic-chip-based frequency combs. Nature Photonics, 13, 158-169(2019).

[21] T J Kippenberg, S M Spillane, K J Vahala. Kerr-nonlinearity optical parametric oscillation in an ultrahigh-Q toroid microcavity. Physical Review Letters, 93, 083904(2004).

[22] A A Savchenkov, A B Matsko, D Strekalov, et al. Low threshold optical oscillations in a whispering gallery mode CaF₂ resonator. Physical Review Letters, 93, 243905(2004).

[23] T J Kippenberg, R Holzwarth, S A Diddams. Microresonator-based optical frequency combs. Science, 332, 555-559(2011).

[24] Mengyu Wang, Lekang Fan, Lingfeng Wu, et al. Research on Kerr optical frequency comb generation based on MgF₂ crystalline microresonator with ultra-high-Q factor. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 50, 20210481(2021).

[25] I H Agha, Y Okawachi, A L Gaeta. Theoretical and experimental investigation of broadband cascaded four-wave mixing in high-Q microspheres. Optics Express, 17, 16209-16215(2009).

[26] Y Okawachi, K Saha, J S Levy, et al. Octave-spanning frequency comb generation in a silicon nitride chip. Optics Letters, 36, 3398-3400(2011).

[27] H Jung, C Xiong, K F Fong, et al. Optical frequency comb generation from aluminum nitride microring resonator. Optics Letters, 38, 2810-2813(2013).

[28] B J M Hausmann, I Bulu, V Venkataraman, et al. Diamond nonlinear photonics. Nature Photonics, 8, 369-374(2014).

[29] V Brasch, M Geiselmann, T Herr, et al. Photonic chip-based optical frequency comb using soliton Cherenkov radiation. Science, 351, 357-360(2016).

[30] S Kim, K Han, C Wang, et al. Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microresonators. Nature Communications, 8, 372(2017).

[31] C Wang, M Zhang, M J Yu, et al. Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for Kerr frequency comb generation and modulation. Nature Communications, 10, 978(2019).

[32] P Del'Haye, T Herr, E Gavartin, et al. Octave spanning tunable frequency comb from a microresonator. Physical Review Letters, 107, 063901(2011).

[33] X X Xue, Y Xuan, Y Liu, et al. Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators. Nature Photonics, 9, 594-600(2015).

[34] X Yi, Q F Yang, K Y Yang, et al. Soliton frequency comb at microwave rates in a high-Q silica microresonator. Optica, 2, 1078-1085(2015).

[35] Q F Yang, X Yi, K Y Yang, et al. Stokes solitons in optical microcavities. Nature Physics, 13, 53-57(2017).

[36] A M Weiner. Frequency combs cavity solitons come of age. Nature Photonics, 11, 533-535(2017).

[37] T J Kippenberg, A L Gaeta, M Lipson, et al. Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators. Science, 361, eaan8083(2018).

[38] E Obrzud, M Rainer, A Harutyunyan, et al. A microphotonic astrocomb. Nature Photonics, 13, 31-35(2019).

[39] A D Ludlow, M M Boyd, J Ye, et al. Optical atomic clocks. Reviews of Modern Physics, 87, 637-701(2015).

[40] R Holzwarth, T Udem, T W Hansch, et al. Optical frequency synthesizer for precision spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters, 85, 2264(2000).

[41] M T Murphy, T Udem, R Holzwarth, et al. High-precision wavelength calibration of astronomical spectrographs with laser frequency combs. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 380, 839-847(2007).

[42] H S Margolis. Spectroscopic applications of femtosecond optical frequency combs. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 5174-5184(2012).

[43] I Hartl, X D Li, C Chudoba, et al. Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using continuum generation in an air-silica microstructure optical fiber. Optics Letters, 26, 608-610(2001).

[44] B A Wilt, L D Burns, E T W Ho, et al. Advances in light microscopy for neuroscience. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 32, 435-506(2009).

[45] A F Fercher, W Drexler, C K Hitzenberger, et al. Optical coherence tomography - principles and applications. Reports on Progress in Physics, 66, 239-303(2003).

[46] T Ideguchi, S Holzner, S B Bernhardt, et al. Coherent Raman spectro-imaging with laser frequency combs. Nature, 502, 355-358(2013).

[47] S Wan, R Niu, J L Peng, et al. Fabrication of the high-Q Si₃N₄ microresonators for soliton microcombs. Chinese Optics Letters, 20, 032201(2022).

[48] Z Z Lu, W Q Wang, W F Zhang, et al. Deterministic generation and switching of dissipative Kerr soliton in a thermally controlled micro-resonator. AIP Advances, 9, 025314(2019).

[49] S Fujii, T Tanabe. Dispersion engineering and measurement of whispering gallery mode microresonator for Kerr frequency comb generation. Nanophotonics, 9, 1087-1104(2020).

[50] S Miller, K Luke, Y Okawachi, et al. On-chip frequency comb generation at visible wavelengths via simultaneous second- and third-order optical nonlinearities. Optics Express, 22, 26517-26525(2014).

[51] X W Liu, C Z Sun, B Xiong, et al. Generation of multiple near-visible comb lines in an AlN microring via chi((2)) and chi((3)) optical nonlinearities. Applied Physics Letters, 113, 171106(2018).

[52] X Guo, C L Zou, H Jung, et al. Efficient generation of a near-visible frequency comb via Cherenkov-like radiation from a Kerr microcomb. Physical Review Applied, 10, 014012(2018).

[53] A W Bruch, X Liu, Z Gong, et al. Pockels soliton microcomb. Nature Photonics, 15, 21-27(2021).

[54] Z Gong, A W Bruch, F Yang, et al. Quadratic strong coupling in AlN Kerr cavity solitons. Optics Letters, 47, 746-749(2022).

[55] L R Wang, L Chang, N Volet, et al. Frequency comb generation in the green using silicon nitride microresonators. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 10, 631-638(2016).

[56] J Szabados, D N Puzyrev, Y Minet, et al. Frequency comb generation via cascaded second-order nonlinearities in microresonators. Physical Review Letters, 124, 203902(2020).

[57] A V Buryak, Trapani P Di, D V Skryabin, et al. Optical solitons due to quadratic nonlinearities: from basic physics to futuristic applications. Physics Reports-Review Section of Physics Letters, 370, 63-235(2002).

[58] D V Skryabin, A R Champneys. Walking cavity solitons. Physical Review E, 63, 066610(2001).

[59] A Villois, N Kondratiev, I Breunig, et al. Frequency combs in a microring optical parametric oscillator. Optics Letters, 44, 4443-4446(2019).

[60] A Villois, D V Skryabin. Soliton and quasi-soliton frequency combs due to second harmonic generation in microresonators. Optics Express, 27, 7098-7107(2019).

[61] H J Chen, Q X Ji, H Wang, et al. Chaos-assisted two-octave-spanning microcombs. Nature Communications, 11, 1-6(2020).

[62] X Guo, C L Zou, C Schuck, et al. Parametric down-conversion photon-pair source on a nanophotonic chip. Light: Science & Applications, 6, e16249(2017).

[63] X Jiang, L Shao, S X Zhang, et al. Chaos-assisted broadband momentum transformation in optical microresonators. Science, 358, 344-347(2017).

[64] Y Yang, X F Jiang, S Kasumie, et al. Four-wave mixing parametric oscillation and frequency comb generation at visible wavelengths in a silica microbubble resonator. Optics Letters, 41, 5266-5269(2016).

[65] N Riesen, W Q Zhang, T M Monro. Dispersion in silica microbubble resonators. Optics Letters, 41, 1257-1260(2016).

[66] F J Shu, P J Zhang, Y J Qian, et al. A mechanically tuned Kerr comb in a dispersion-engineered silica microbubble resonator. Science China-Physics Mechanics & Astronomy, 63, 254211(2020).

[67] J Y Ma, L F Xiao, J X Gu, et al. Visible Kerr comb generation in a high-Q silica microdisk resonator with a large wedge angle. Photonics Research, 7, 573-578(2019).

[68] Y Zhao, X C Ji, B Y Kim, et al. Visible nonlinear photonics via high-order-mode dispersion engineering. Optica, 7, 135-141(2020).

[69] L W Luo, N Ophir, C P Chen, et al. WDM-compatible mode-division multiplexing on a silicon chip. Nature Communications, 5, 3069(2014).

[70] Karpov M, Guo H R, Pfeiffer M H , et al. Dynamics of soliton crystals in optical micresonats[C]Conference on Lasers ElectroOptics (CLEO), 2017.

[71] S Wan, R Niu, Z Y Wang, et al. Frequency stabilization and tuning of breathing solitons in Si₃N₄ microresonators. Photonics Research, 8, 1342-1349(2020).

[72] X Y Wang, P Xie, W Q Wang, et al. Program-controlled single soliton microcomb source. Photonics Research, 9, 66-72(2021).

[73] S Coen, H G Randle, T Sylvestre, et al. Modeling of octave-spanning Kerr frequency combs using a generalized mean-field Lugiato-Lefever model. Optics Letters, 38, 37-39(2013).

[74] C Godey, I V Balakireva, A Coillet, et al. Stability analysis of the spatiotemporal Lugiato-Lefever model for Kerr optical frequency combs in the anomalous and normal dispersion regimes. Physical Review A, 89, 063814(2014).

[75] A A Savchenkov, A B Matsko, W Liang, et al. Kerr combs with selectable central frequency. Nature Photonics, 5, 293-296(2011).

[76] Q Lu, X Wu, L Liu, et al. Mode-selective lasing in high-Q polymer micro bottle resonators. Optics Express, 23, 22740-22745(2015).

[77] Q Lu, X Chen, X Liu, et al. Opto-fluidic-plasmonic liquid-metal core microcavity. Applied Physics Letters, 117, 161101(2020).

[78] Q J Lu, S Liu, X Wu, et al. Stimulated Brillouin laser and frequency comb generation in high-Q microbubble resonators. Optics Letters, 41, 1736-1739(2016).

[79] Y H Yin, Y X Niu, H Y Qin, et al. Kerr frequency comb generation in microbottle resonator with tunable zero dispersion wavelength. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 37, 5571-5575(2019).

[80] X Y Jin, X Xu, H R Gao, et al. Controllable two-dimensional Kerr and Raman-Kerr frequency combs in microbottle resonators with selectable dispersion. Photonics Research, 9, 171-180(2021).

[81] S Ramelow, A Farsi, S Clemmen, et al. Strong polarization mode coupling in microresonators. Optics Letters, 39, 5134-5137(2014).

[82] T Carmon, H G L Schwefel, L Yang, et al. Static envelope patterns in composite resonances generated by level crossing in optical toroidal microcavities. Physical Review Letters, 100, 103905(2008).

[83] A A Savchenkov, A B Matsko, W Liang, et al. Kerr frequency comb generation in overmoded resonators. Optics Express, 20, 27290-27298(2012).

[84] X X Xue, Y Xuan, C Wang, et al. Thermal tuning of Kerr frequency combs in silicon nitride microring resonators. Optics Express, 24, 687-698(2016).

[85] G Lin, S Diallo, K Saleh, et al. Cascaded Brillouin lasing in monolithic barium fluoride whispering gallery mode resonators. Applied Physics Letters, 105, 231103(2014).

[86] M Soltani, A Matsko, L Maleki. Enabling arbitrary wavelength frequency combs on chip. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 10, 158-162(2016).

[87] S H Lee, D Y Oh, Q F Yang, et al. Towards visible soliton microcomb generation. Nature Communications, 8, 1295(2017).

[88] H Wang, Y K Lu, L Wu, et al. Dirac solitons in optical microresonators. Light: Science & Applications, 9, 205(2020).

[89] N Akhmediev, M Karlsson. Cherenkov radiation emitted by solitons in optical fibers. Physical Review A, 51, 2602-2607(1995).

[90] N Watanabe, H Tamura, M Musha, et al. Optical frequency synthesizer for precision spectroscopy of Rydberg states of Rb atoms. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 56, 112401(2017).

[91] A E Dorche, D Timucin, K Thyagarajan, et al. Advanced dispersion engineering of a III-nitride micro-resonator for a blue frequency comb. Optics Express, 28, 30542-30554(2020).

[92] G H Choi, A Gin, J Su. Optical frequency combs in aqueous and air environments at visible to near-IR wavelengths. Optics Express, 30, 8690-8699(2022).