Fig. 1. Underwater camera imaging model
Fig. 2. System Schematic
Fig. 3. Underwater binocular vision model
Fig. 4. Pixel-based matching process diagram
Fig. 5. Flow chart of color correction algorithm
Fig. 6. Enhanced effects of images
Fig. 7. Flow chart of alignment and superposition of 3D point cloud and RGB color
Fig. 8. Alignment superposition model of 3D point cloud and 2D RGB data
Fig. 9. System electrical structure diagram
Fig. 10. Physical engineering prototype
Fig. 11. Internal structure of the central cylinder
Fig. 12. Internal structure of cylinder on both sides
Fig. 13. Experimental scene
Fig. 14. Original underwater images and enhanced images
Fig. 15. Effect comparison of enhancement algorithms
Fig. 16. Registration effect of 3D point cloud and RGB color
Fig. 17. Precision measurement experiment
The image | The evaluation criterion | The original image | HE | IF | DCP | The proposed |
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1 | Information entropy | 6.83 | 7.28 | 7.24 | 7.14 | 7.47 | Sift | 154 | 1 848 | 985 | 1 361 | 2 079 | Canny | 18 666 | 67 714 | 53 259 | 60 471 | 67 963 | 2 | Information entropy | 7.70 | 7.39 | 7.45 | 7.27 | 7.88 | Sift | 582 | 1 547 | 961 | 916 | 2 004 | Canny | 27 392 | 67 934 | 56 943 | 32 463 | 68 557 | 3 | Information entropy | 7.15 | 7.23 | 7.32 | 7.19 | 7.70 | Sift | 5 954 | 13 488 | 8 625 | 10 072 | 17 203 | Canny | 130 335 | 211 820 | 167 198 | 150 484 | 211 804 |
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Table 1. the comparison result of different algorithms
Parameters | Left camera | Right camera |
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| (6 801.773,6 801.983) | (6 766.651,6 767.138) | | (2 032.804,1 456.358) | (2 146.771,1 495.447) | | (-0.028,0.132,0.001,0.001,-0.465) | (-0.027,0.137,0.001,-0.001,-0.485) | d | 60.682 3 | 59.714 0 | | (0.002 1,-0.026 2,0.999 3) | (0.007 4,-0.024 5,0.999 3) | | 1.333 | R | (-0.009 4,0.001 1,0.014 8) | T | (-349.974 0,-4.178 4,-10.381 8) |
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Table 2. Left and right camera calibration parameters
Number | Experimental value/mm | Error/mm | RMS/mm |
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1 | 262.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2 | 261.1 | 1.8 | 3 | 262.7 | 3.4 | 4 | 261.9 | 2.6 | 5 | 260.5 | 1.2 | 6 | 261.1 | 1.8 | 7 | 261.4 | 2.1 | 8 | 262.2 | 2.9 | 9 | 262.4 | 3.1 | 10 | 261.6 | 2.3 |
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Table 3. The measurement data